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BULLETIN of the 

Mntuerstty of South Carolina 


LANCASTER COUNTY 
Economic and Social 

BY 

ERNEST A. BEATY 

AND 

CARL W. McMURRAY 


ISSUED SEMI-MONTHLY 
BY THE UNIVERSITY 


No. 132 

November 13, 1923 


COLUMBIA. S.C. 
Second-Class Mail Matter 
























TABLE OF CONTENTS 


Page 

Preface . 3 

I. Historical Background ....—. 5 

II. Lancaster County Towns . 16 

III. Naturae Resources and Industries . 27 

IV. Facts About the Folks .. 36 

V. Wealth and Taxation . 44 

VI. Schools . 54 

VII. Agriculture . 64 

VIII. Balance Sheet in Food and Feed Production. 75 

IX. Evidences of Progress .. 86 

X. Our Problems and Their Solution . 97 

List of Bulletins Issued by the University. 110 














UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA 


LANCASTER COUNTY 
Economic and Social 


By 

ERNEST A. BEATY and 
CARL W. McMURRAY 


A LABORATORY STUDY 

IN THE DEPARTMENT OF RURAL SOCIAL SCIENCE OF THE 
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA 


(2o)urnl>-i a- 5 S . C. 3 




l 




LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

RECEIVED 

9 1C24 


DOCUMENTS DIVISION 



V.C.'R. »612.4, 


PREFACE 


The purpose of the authors in writing this bulletin has been to set 
forth some facts relating to the economic and 'social conditions of 
Lancaster County, with the hope that they may prove helpful to our 
people in their march of progress. 

Quite a number of public-spirited individuals furnished information 
that proved helpful, and for which we are grateful. For data used 
directly we wish to acknowledge our indebtedness to our former Home 
Demonstration Agent, Mrs. A. B. Ferguson, Jr.; Mrs. Chas. D. Jones, 
from whose paper on the history of Lancaster County much of the 
material for our “Historical Background” was obtained; the County 
Agent, W. F. Howell; Capt. J. W. Hamel, of the Kershaw Bra; Mag¬ 
istrate W. T. Williams; Mayor J. M. Hood; Mr. R. T. Beaty; Mr. 
T. J. Gregory, of Kershaw; Hon. E. Coke Bridges, of Heath Springs; 
Mr. Chas. Massey, of Van Wyck; Mr. C. S. Robertson, of Pleasant 
Hill; Mr. Hagins, of Elgin; Mr. Sistare, of Riverside; the State 
Highway Commission; and State Historian, Mr. Alex Salley. 

We wish especially to thank Dr. Wilson Gee, Professor of Rural 
Social Science at the University of South Carolina, for the assis¬ 
tance and encouragement he rendered us in the preparation of this 
bulletin. It has been a great pleasure and inspiration to be associ¬ 
ated with him in this work. 

The expense of publishing and distributing this bulletin was borne 
by the University of South Carolina. 

Carl W. McMurray, 
Ernest A. Beaty 

University oe South Carolina, 

1923 





HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 

E. A. BEATY 


“There is a spirit of the past which breathes within us, though we dream not 
of its spell.” 

The past is always before us, in that it is a great factor in the 
determining of our future. For this reason, if for no other, we 
should be interested in studying the record of events which took 
place before our own entrance upon the stage of the world. The 
history of those from whom we are descended should prove more 
than ordinarily interesting, because of the relation which we bear 
them. Carroll, one of South Carolina’s historians, rightly says: 
“In the lives of our ancestors we become parties concerned; and 
when we behold them braving the horrors of the desert; and sur¬ 
mounting every difficulty of the thick forest and savage neighbors, 
we admire their courage, and we are astonished at their persever¬ 
ance. We are pleased with every escape they made from danger; 
and we wish to know even the most minute details of the events 
relating to the rise and progress of their little communities.” 

Since these things are true, every citizen of Lancaster County 
should read with interest any record of the rise and progress of our 
own community. For the early beginnings of civilization which 
our forefathers established here have largely determined the trend 
of our progress in ideals and events; our history is indeed a true 
background of the present-day development of Lancaster County. 

The body of our citizenship is composed of Scotch-Irish stock. 
In the early years of the eighteenth century the province of 
Ulster, Ireland, was settled with immigrants from Scotland— 
people driven from their homes by religious persecution. But 
there was no rest for them in Ireland, no “freedom to worship 
God,” according to the dictates of their own consciences; for the 
Established Church of England continued to press her “exclusive 
pretensions” harder and harder upon these Presbyterian and In¬ 
dependent Ulsterites. McCrady says: “To these proscriptions and 
effronts, the descendants of the Cromwellian conquerors of the 
Southern provinces, the grand-children of the staunch defenders 
of Londonderry and Enniskillen, were little likely to submit.” 
They did not submit; the best blood of them emigrated again, this 
time across the Atlantic to the New World, America. Near the 
middle of the eighteenth century a body of them arrived in Penn- 


5 


6 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


sylvania, where, reenforced by a considerable party of German 
Protestants, they made a large settlement. But as they pushed 
forward to the western borders of that province, they came into 
active contact with hostile Indian tribes. It will be remembered 
that at this time the French and English were at each other’s 
throats in America as well as in Europe; and the French on this 
side had stirred up the Indians against all of the English colonists. 

The defeat of General Braddock on the 9th of July, 1755, threw 
the frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia open to the tender 
mercies of the Indians. These Scotch-Irish settlers, thus exposed 
to all the horrors of Indian warfare, and without any help from 
the wealthy Quakers of Pennsylvania, abandoned their settlements 
in that province and came southward, spreading themselves from 
Staunton, Virginia, to the Waxhaw District of South Carolina, now 
known as Lancaster County. 

There seems to be no way of actually determining the origin 
and meaning of the name Waxhaw. Mills, in his “Statistics,” says 
that the name is derived from a tribe of Indians who were driven 
out by the Catawbas in the sixteenth century. But not all accept 
this as true. Another theory is that the nature of the soil, being 
akin to the “wackys” and the “haws” of Scotland, caused the 
early white settlers to call it Waxhaw. Dr. J. W. Daniels, who 
has recently contributed an article on the history of the Waxhaw 
country, has this to say of its name: “The name Waxhaw is 
doubtless from Wak-aia-sha, which means, in the Shawnee dialect, 
cattle range, or pastures. The middle letters, ‘aia,’ were sounded 
quickly, and to an ear not familiar with the Indian tongue the 
word would sound like Wak-sha. The ‘k’ in this quick blending 
of liquid sounds would amalgamate with the ‘s’ and give, to a 
foreign ear, almost the exact sound still retained in the name as 
written.” 

It is interesting to note the names of some of these early 
families of Lancaster County. There were the Adairs, Adrians, 
Allisons,' Brattons, Boggs, Blacks, Brooms, Buchanans, Boyces. 
Bryces, Calhouns, Carrols, Crawfords, Crocketts, Carsons. Cham¬ 
bers, Donnoms, Dunlaps, Douglasses, Erwins, Flemings, Sims, 
Fosters, Irvins, Hancocks, Kirks, Kirklands, Laceys, Lathams, 
Loves, Masseys, McCaws, McCains, McClures, McMurrays, Mc- 
Illwains, Jacksons, McMullans, Marions, Martins, Neelys, Wylies, 
Witherspoons, Pickens, Rosses, and Youngs. Some of these are 
still familiar Lancaster County names; others are of those who 
radiated from the original Lancaster settlement, and peopled 
other upper counties of South Carolina. 


Historical Background 


7 


These early settlers were a strong race of people, both in moral 
and physical courage. They produced such men as “Horse-shoe’’ 
Robinson; Andrew Pickens; Andrew Jackson, known as “Old 
Hickory”; John C. Calhoun, whose father, Patrick Calhoun, first 
located in Lancaster; Dr. James H. Thornwell, the great orator 
and divine; Dr. J. Marion Sims, a surgeon of world-wide fame; 
Stephen D. Miller, described as “a man of great power in society, 
at the bar, and in the councils of his country”; and an host of 
others, strong and godly men, who have won glory for themselves 
and their native land on the battlefield, in halls of State, in the 
courts, and in the Church. 

“For about two centuries and a half,” says Dr. Foote, the his¬ 
torian, “these people had but one set of moral, religious, and 
political principles working out the noblest framework of society: 
obedience to the just exercise of the law; independence of spirit; 
a sense of moral obligation; strict attendance upon the worship 
of Almighty God; the choice of their own preachers and teachers, 
with an unextinguishable desire to exercise the same privilege 
with regard to their civil rulers, believing the magistrates to 
govern by the choice and consent of the people.” They yielded 
all honor, reverence, and service to righteous civil authority, but 
they demanded full protection in the enjoyment of their “inalienable 
right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” These prin¬ 
ciples of “a dutiful people for an honest king” had been implanted 
in their Scotch forebears by John Knox, as far back as 1560; had 
been carried by them into Ireland; thence to America, where they 
have continued to characterize all Scotch-Irish communities. 

True to this principle, no sooner was the settlement made than 
old Waxhaw Church was erected. McCrady says: “If the old 
Saint Phillip’s Church was a part of the Constitution of South 
Carolina as Westminster Abbey was of the British Constitution, 
so around the old Waxhaw Church in Lancaster—the first church 
above Orangeburg—was formed the settlement which gave tone 
and thought to the whole upper country of the State.” The same 
historian also pays the following tribute to the women of that 
Lancaster settlement: “An education—knowledge of things human 
and divine—they prized above all price in their leaders, teachers, 
and preachers; they craved its possession for their husbands, 
brothers, and sons.” Almost invariably then, as soon as a neighbor¬ 
hood was settled, preparations were not only made for regular 
preaching, but for a school. Wherever a pastor was located, there 
was a classical school. 


8 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


It was near old Waxhaw Church that Andrew Jackson was 
born and reared. For years there has been an interesting dispute 
between North and South Carolina regarding the exact birthplace 
of this distinguished man. South Carolina has all the facts on her 
side of the argument. In a biography of Jackson, written by Amos 
Kendall, in 1843, under the eye of Jackson himself, his birthplace 
is given as Lancaster County, South Carolina. In a letter to Mr. 
James H. Witherspoon, of Lancaster, who married a relative of 
Jackson, he said: “I am a former citizen of Lancaster. I was born 
on March 15th, 1767, in Lancaster County, one mile south of the 
State line.” Again, in a proclamation to the people of South 
Carolina, Jackson speaks of himself as a son of South Carolina. 
Do we not usually give a man credit for having correct informa¬ 
tion as to the place of his birth? Then, too, the people of his 
time knew well enough where he was born. On the 21st of 
September, 1831, at a banquet in the town of Lancaster, the follow¬ 
ing toast was proposed: “To General Andrew Jackson, a native of 
Lancaster District, the Cincinnatus of America, who, like the 
Roman veteran, after conquering his enemies returned to his 
plough.” At the same banquet, Colonel F. J. Moses referred to 
Lancaster County as the birthplace of “Old Hickory.” So, if we 
accept the statement of Jackson himself, and of his contemporaries, 
we must conclude that Lancaster’s claim is safe, and that North 
Carolina has no more right to him than she has to John C. Cal¬ 
houn or Wade Hampton! We realize that between 1735 and 1813 
many changes were made in the line between North and South 
Carolina; howbeit, none of these were sufficient to make Jackson 
a North Carolinian. 

He was the son of Andrew and Elizabeth Hutchinson Jackson, 
born after his father’s death. The home of the Jacksons was on 
land owned by Mr. Robert Crawford, and now owned by Mr. T. Y. 
Williams of Lancaster. It was on this place, west of the Charlotte 
road, that Andrew Jackson was born. Mr. Alex S. Salley, our 
State Historian, has made a careful and exhaustive study of this 
question, and he has written several articles proving conclusively 
that “Old Hickory” first saw the light of day in Lancaster County. 

Our county is not more proud of her President son than she is 
of that great surgeon, Dr. J. Marion Sims. He was born January 
25th, 1813, about ten miles from Lancaster, in the Beaver Creek 
section, near Heath Springs. His early education and training were 
given him in Lancaster, his academic work was done in the South 
Carolina College (now the University), and his medical degree 
was conferred by the South Carolina Medical College. He then 


Historical Background 


9 


did graduate work in the Philadelphia Medical College, after which 
he returned to Lancaster to practice. He waited a great while 
“in patience for patients,” amd was finally called upon to attend 
a child. In spite of his best efforts the child died, and with it, 
his dreams of success. Disgusted with himself and with his pro¬ 
fessional career in Lancaster, he left town, going to Alabama. On 
his way out of Lancaster he threw his sign into a well on Elm 
Street. He was more successful in Alabama, and after a few years’ 
practice there, he moved to New York, where he established the 
first hospital for women in the world. Dr. Sims soon became the 
greatest living authority on obstetrical surgery in the world, and 
was as famous in Europe as in America. An inscription on a 
New York monument erected to him calls Dr. Sims the “Father 
of Obstetrics.” Dr. Sims has left an interesting autobiography in 
which he gives an account of his ancestry and early life. It is a 
book which every person in Lancaster should read. 

Less than a quarter of a century after the settlement of Lan¬ 
caster County, the American colonies had become engaged in the 
Revolutionary War. For the first four or five years, the people 
of the upper country of South Carolina, doubtless due to compara¬ 
tive isolation, took very little interest in the progress of the war. 
They did not enlist wholeheartedly i-n the struggle until Tarleton, 
the bloody Britisher, burst upon them in his pursuit of Buford, 
and horrified them with his terrible butchery of these men. The 
Buford Massacre, which took place in Lancaster County, aroused 
the dormant fierceness of these courageous peoples, and henceforth 
they gave every atom of their strength to the cause of American 
freedom. 

Colonel Buford, with a regiment of 350 Virginians, was en route 
to Charleston for the relief of that city. Hearing that Charleston 
had surrendered, Colonel Buford turned at Camden, and was 
taking his men home when Tarleton, with 350 cavalry and 350 
infantry troops, met him in Lancaster County. The English and 
American versions of this event are at variance. Tarleton’s ac¬ 
count has it that his advance guard overtook and captured a few 
of Buford’s men; and that, after this skirmish, both prepared to 
engage. Tarleton says that he was the quicker in preparing for 
battle, and ordered his cavalry to attack. He maintains that this 
was expected by Buford, whom he heard ordering his infantry to 
retain their fire until the British cavalry came near. 

Chief Justice Marshal, who is supposed to have received his 
account of the battle from Buford himself, says that when the 
enemy troops met a truce was arranged to allow Buford time to 


10 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


consider the advisability of surrender. It seems that the British 
were preparing to fight, even during the truce. Then, upon the 
instant of its conclusion, they fell upon the unprepared and dis¬ 
mayed Americans. Most of Buford’s men were utterly unable to de¬ 
fend themselves, and had nothing to do but surrender and ask for 
quarter. No quarter was given—the Americans were slain with¬ 
out mercy—in some cases their dead bodies being horribly mutilated. 
This barbarous massacre gave significance to the proverbial ex¬ 
pression of cruelty, “Tarleton’s quarter.” But one good effect re¬ 
sulting from such a terrible event was that it kindled the wrath 
of the whole upper part of the State, turning sentiment and 
activity against the British. Tarleton unsuccessfully tried to make 
some plausible explanation of his act; Cornwallis, however, did not 
censure him for it; and General Clinton actually exulted in the 
deed. Tarleton’s headquarters at this time were at Hanging Rock, 
in Lancaster County. 

After the battle of Buford those of the wounded who were too 
seriously injured by the British to be captured by them, were 
cared for in old Waxhaw Church. Among those ministering to 
these unfortunate men was Miss Esther Gaston, whose young 
brother Joe was later wounded at Hanging Rock. In his auto¬ 
biography Dr. Sims tells of how his grandmother, Mrs. Lydia 
Mackey, wife of Charles Mackey, by her importunate pleadings 
persuaded the hard-hearted Tarleton to release her husband, then 
under a British sentence of death. This event took place near the 
intersection of Lancaster and Chesterfield Counties, on the Rocky 
River road. A simple monument stands there in commemoration 
of the death of these brave Virginia troops. 

General Thomas Sumter, to whom Tarleton gave the immortal 
sobriquet “the Gamecock,” located his camp on Lancaster soil 
in the year 1780. From this place he led his troops in many 
skirmishes with the enemy. Perhaps the most important of these 
was the first battle of Hanging Rock, which occurred August 1st, 
1780. The British had a well fortified post at Hanging Rock, com¬ 
posed of the infantry of Tarleton’s Legion, the Prince of Wales’ 
American Regiment, a part of Brown’s corps of Provincials, and 
Colonel Bryan’s North Carolina Loyalists. Sumter had less than 
half as many men as the enemy, but succeeded by a ruse in 
effecting a quiet entrance into their camp. After a spirited en¬ 
gagement the redcoats were utterly put to flight, and their post 
held by the Americans. The victory came near being turned into 
a defeat by the sudden appearance of a fresh body of English. It 
was only with difficulty that Sumter held the ground which he had 


Historical Background 


11 


taken, and with a considerable loss of men. Among those killed 
in this second part of the battle was Lieutenant Robert Crawford 
of Lancaster. 

Other Revolutionary battles in Lancaster County were those 
of Flat Rock, and the second battle of Hanging Rock. There 
were, however, numerous other less important skirmishes, but 
space does not permit us to give an account of them. After the 
second battle of Hanging Rock the activities of the opposing armies 
shifted from the upper counties of the State toward the Pee Dee 
section. 

Both Hanging Rock and Flat Rock are noted for their natural 
beauty as well as for their historical significance. The former is an 
heap of solidified smaller stones, fantastically arranged. The 
latter is an immense rock, with a surface area of twenty acres, 
four of which are perfectly smooth. Not far from these is another 
great curiosity in Nature, Anvil Rock, a stone over ten feet high 
shaped in the likeness of an anvil. Other places of interest in 
Lancaster are the high banks of the Catawba, the bluffs of Lynch’s 
River, and the caves of Flat Creek. These sights are well worth the 
trouble of a visit to them. 

Prior to 1785, Lancaster County was a part of the Camden Dis¬ 
trict, which by an Act of March 12th, 1785, was divided into seven 
counties, of which Lancaster was one. The orig : nal court house 
stood on the east side of Main Street, near the present T. H. 
Davis building. The court house now in use was built in 1823, at 
the time of the erection of the jail. Judge T. J. Mackey once 
remarked that “Lancaster County was bounded on the north by 
North Carolina, and on the east, south, and west by civilization.” 
Lest some of the present generation resent the Judge’s friendly 
slam, we quote the statute which says that “Lancaster County is 
bounded on the north by the North Carolina line; on the east by 
the Catawba River and the Big Sugar Creek, from the place where 
it enters the said river to the intersection of the North Carolina 
line, which also separates it (on the west) from the counties of 
York, Chester, and Fairfield; and on the south by Kershaw County.” 
However, the borders of our county were not definitely fixed until 
1813, when commissioners from the two Carolinas met and finally 
settled the boundary on the north. 

The county retained the name Lancaster, which had been given 
to the section by the early settlers. This name they brought with 
them immediately from their settlements in Lancaster County, 
Pennsylvania, whither it had been earned from England. There 
are eight townships in the county, organized to facilitate the 


12 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


several governmental functions. Each town has its magistrate 
(Flat Creek and Pleasant Hill have two). There are forty-six 
school districts, in each of which there is at least one white and 
one colored school. Each district has three school trustees, with 
power to levy special taxes for school support, and otherwise to 
direct all educational activities. It is a matter of interest that 
the earliest known name of the town of Lancaster was Barnets- 
ville; but in 1801, when incorporated by the Legislature, its name 
became Lancasterville. Later it was changed to Lancaster Court 
House, then to its present form. Originally the only streets were 
the present Main and Gay Streets. 

The War of 1812 made but little impression on Lancaster 
County. South Carolina furnished her full share of soldiers, and 
doubtless our county sent her quota of these. We know of one— 
for first among all American sold : ers in that war was Andrew 
Jackson, a native of Lancaster. It is also noteworthy that John 
C. Calhoun, whose father, Patrick Calhoun, first lived in Lancaster, 
came into prominence during the session of Congress which de¬ 
clared war on England in 1812. He was the author of the bill 
declaring war. 

In 1825 there was established in Lancaster County the Franklin 
Academy, which was opened for school on December 5th of that 
year. The first superintendent was Henry Connelly, of Washing¬ 
ton University in Pennsylvania. In two years he was succeeded 
by John Harris, also a native of Pennsylvania. Mr. Harris drove 
through the country from Pennsylvania, bringing with him Mr. 
J. F. G. Mittag, of Maryland, who became a permanent resident of 
Lancaster, and whose name is still heard in Lancaster. Franklin 
Academy became a justly famous school, and prepared many a 
Lancaster youth for college. Nearly all of our older citizens re¬ 
member pleasantly their school days in that institution—most of 
them were taught by Mr. Thomas Stamps, a Virginian who was 
at the head of the school for many years. He married a daughter 
of Mr. J. A. Haseltine, a prominent merchant of Lancaster. 

Lancaster County also sent soldiers to serve in the Mexican 
War. Among these were Captain Amos McManus, who served 
again in the War Between the States, and but recently died; 
Captain K. G. Billings, and Mr. Ranee Gardner, whose ardor 
caused him to win the title of “Mexico” Gardner. Mr. Leroy 
Secrest, who also fought in this war, was from Chester County, 
but we of Lancaster claim him through his son, Judge Eugene 
Secrest, whose home and interests have always been in Lancaster. 


Historical Background 


13 


When the great issue of States’ Rights came to be settled by the 
arbitrament of arms, Lancaster County drew her sword in defense 
of her State. None of us can possibly know what suffering was 
endured, and what sacrifices were made by those who lived in that 
period of Lancaster’s history. We should consider it a privilege 
to learn all we can of our county’s part in that struggle, and to 
cherish the memory of such heroism as a priceless heritage. 

Practically every able-bodied man in Lancaster County—and a 
great many very young boys—served in the Confederate armies. 
Those who were forced to remain at home on account of extreme 
youth or age, organized themselves into home guards for local 
protection. Many thrilling experiences are related by them, as 
well as by those who went to the front. Mr. Allison W. Chance, 
an honored citizen of Lancaster, published shortly before his death 
an interesting booklet, “Historical Facts Relating to Lancaster 
County,” in which he gave many incidents connected with Lan¬ 
caster’s part in the war. It is worthy of perusal by every one who 
is interested in the efforts of those left at home to “carry on” 
while the soldiers were at the front. 

So in reality everybody was enlisted in the service—doing his 
bit for a cause which can never be “lost”—the Right. Among 
her active soldiers, Lancaster County furnished many officers of 
high rank, all of whom served with great gallantry. Time would 
utterly fail us to give even a cursory glance at each of these men, 
and the deeds of bravery performed by them and their gray-clad 
followers. And because “the brave honor the brave, vanquished, 
none the less,” the whole world pays tribute to the soldiers of the 
South. In 1909, under the auspices of the Lancaster Chapter of the 
United Daughters of the Confederacy, the women of Lancaster 
County erected in front of the court house a beautiful monumental 
tribute to the deathless glory of the Lancaster soldiers of the 
Sixties. In a paper read before the Lancaster League of Women 
Voters, Mrs. Charles D. Jones exquisitely describes this monument 
in these words: “The monument is unique, sculptured in Lancaster, 
from fine stone mined in Lancaster, erected by Lancaster Women 
to Lancaster Soldiers, as if a proud and loving mother had stored 
in her own granite hills the most fitting and enduring tribute for 
the day to bring it forth and place it at the grave of her warrior 
sons.” 

The nearest contact which Lancaster County had with real 
warfare was during the depredatory march of Sherman’s brigands 
through our State. Lancaster County was visited by Kilpatrick’s 
brigade, and many hardships and indignities were inflicted by 


14 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


them upon the helpless residents. The county jail was burned to 
the ground; the court house was utterly sacked and its con¬ 
tents destroyed forever; the food of the people was stolen and 
burned; their animals were taken, together with whatever else the 
“northern vandals” could carry away with them. Some of Wheeler’s 
cavalry were in the neighborhood at the time, but no engagement 
took place. 

The story is told that the Yankees were driven from town by 
the circulation of a report that Wheeler’s cavalry was at Kershaw 
en route to Lancaster. This rumor had the desired effect of 
ridding the town of the last bluecoat, and they did not return. 
Other than during this period of the war Lancaster County had 
very little actual contact with the Union soldiers. There are, of 
course, many individual experiences related by our older citizens, 
but these are isolated cases. 

Following the surrender Captain Henry Mclver, later Chief 
Justice of South Carolina, disbanded his company at the Lan¬ 
caster Court House. It is said that some of the soldiers broke 
their guns upon the .stone steps of the building, and the numerous 
nicks on the steps can still be seen. As was the case with the 
rest of the State, Lancaster County suffered greatly during the 
period of the reconstruction. But we were spared some of the 
tragic horrors experienced by other sections of the State. 

The “Red Shirt” period was that of 1876-1878. Among the 
leaders in those two important years of struggle for white su¬ 
premacy in Lancaster County were General John B. Erwin, Colonel 
John D. Wylie, Judge Ira B. Jones, Dr. J. C. Blakeney, Messrs. 
D. J. Carter, James R. Hunter, Joseph Kenington, and John McN. 
Beaty. Colonel Wylie was sent to the State Senate, and Messrs. 
Blakeney and Beaty to the Legislature in the year 1878. Up to 
that year a negro, Albert Clinton, had represented Lancaster County 
in the State Senate. From the time of the reestablishment of the 
white people in authority, Lancaster enjoyed a great measure of 
peace and prosperity. Of course it took years to establish any¬ 
thing like the former prosperous times, but the right spirit was in 
our people, and they used every opportunity and every advantage 
to rebuild the county. In 1898, when the United States engaged 
in war with Spain, there was very little economic pressure upon 
the State or the County. Again Lancaster gave to the army such 
of her men as were needed. 

The Great War gave Lancaster a chance to prove her mettle 
to the utmost, and right well she did it! Though it is too soon to 
give anything like a complete record of what our county did in 


Historical Background 


15 


that struggle, yet the facts are fresh in the minds of all of us. 
We know of Lancaster’s leadership in the great L’berty Loan 
campaigns; we know of her Red Cross work; we know of the 
great numbers of our young men who gave themselves to fight 
on land and sea and in the air; we know of how our older men 

devoted all their time and talents to their country’s need; we 

know of the.untiring devotion of our noble women to their men¬ 
folk in the service; we speak with reverence and gratitude of 
those who gave their blood upon the altar of their country’s serv¬ 
ice. We are proud of their sacrifice. We are proud of those 
living whose distinguished bravery won for themselves and for 
their country the praise and recognition of the world—they fully 
deserve their honors; but we are more proud of the fact that the 

war left not a single stain upon the fair escutcheon of the “Red 

Rose County.” The noble ideals of the past were nobly upheld by 
the worthy sons of worthy sires, and are now become the birth¬ 
right of generations yet unborn. 

In the Manufacturer’s Record for March, 1923, is the following: 
“Know thy Country! Every effort made by the people of the 
South, men and women alike, to broaden the knowledge among 
Southern people as well as among others, as to the lrstory of the 
Old South, the amazing achievements made in business and in¬ 
dustry prior to the Civil War, what the South has accomplished 
since that time, and the resources on which to found a great em¬ 
pire of industry and wealth, must of necessity inure to the benefit 
of every class of people.” This statement of the whole South is 
equally true of Lancaster County. We must have this proper 
pride of ancestry, and of the heritage which our fathers have 
bequeathed to us. Otherwise we need not hope for the future 
to equal the past. 

Our county is rich in the achievements of our forebears. They 
builded well here—for us. Let us not be less zealous for the 
welfare of those who will some distant day look back upon us 
and our work. Shall they, as we, look back with pride? May we 
so use our opportunities in Lancaster County that those who follow 
us may also say of us, “They builded well here—for us.” 


16 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


II 

LANCASTER COUNTY TOWNS 

E. A. BEATY 

Lancaster 

Lancaster, the county seat of Lancaster County, is located on the 
Charlotte-Columbia road, forty miles south of Charlotte, and 
seventy miles north of Columbia. It is within forty miles of 
Camden, and within thirty miles of Chester, Rock Hill, York, and 
Monroe. The last census gave Lancaster a population of 3,032 
within the incorporated area. But as has been pointed out else¬ 
where, if Lancaster should be credited with her suburban popula¬ 
tion, then our inhabitants would easily number twice the figure 
given in the census. 

The town of Lancaster is quite old. A rare deed of one John 
Simpson shows that previous to 1801 the place was called Barnets- 
ville. In 1801, by a resolution of the South Carolina Legislature, 
authority was given to lay off the village of Lancaster, at that 
time to be called Lancasterville. This was done in 1802. A plat 
of the town was made, with the names of the streets as they are 
now, with the exception of Main Street, which was then called 
Broad Street. The commissioners to lay off the town were Eli 
Alexander, William Barklay, John and William S’mpson. Prior 
to this the owners of the land, William Simpson, William Barklay, 
and others, had marked out two streets, as now represented by 
Main and Gay Streets. The court house and jail were erected in 
1823; both of them are still in use. 

The principal suburbs of Lancaster are Midway and Brookland, 
the business sections of the cotton mill village. These places are 
just without the incorporate limits of the town; they have never 
been officially counted as a part of its population. Yet they 
have over a score of business houses, serving an approximate popu¬ 
lation of 3,500 people. They have their own police protection, 
under direct authority from the State, and protection from fire 
is furnished by the facilities of the cotton mill. Practically all 
of Lancaster’s streets have grown much beyond the half mile area 
of the town’s limits, so our suburban population includes more than 
the mill village alone. 

The town of Lancaster is governed by a mayor, Mr. J. M. Hood, 
and his council of aldermen. During the past several administra- 


Lancaster County Towns 


17 


tions much progress has been made in municipal facilities, and the 
present ‘ administration is likewise a constructive one. Our Main 
Street is paved for one-half mile south of the court house, and we 
have over nine miles of cement sidewalks in the town. The 
“white way” of Main Street is second to none in the State for 
beauty, and is a matter for justifiable pride to Lancaster. 

The Lancaster Fire Department would do credit to a much larger 
town. We have a volunteer force of sixteen men, all of whom 
have proven themselves to be efficient fire-fighters. The town 
has a modern Seagrave fire truck and all necessary apparatus, 
costing $10,000. 

The good health of Lancaster people may be partly due to the 
excellent quality of our water. The water works plant is under 
municipal ownership, and is located about two miles south of 
town on the banks of the old Welch’s Mill Pond. Here the water, 
supplied by Turkey Quarter Creek and Bear Creek, is filtered 
and pumped into the standpipe for use. Every test has shown it 
to be entirely pure, unusually free from any hurtful adulterations. 

Lancaster has an efficient and conscientious police force for 
public protection. Chief of Police Bell and his three capable 
assistants succeed in maintaining an high degree of order. There 
is every evidence of thorough cooperation between the county 
and city officials in this matter. The Magistrate of Gills Creek 
Township, Hon. W. T. Williams, has his office in Lancaster. He 
and his constables work with the city forces in bringing offenders 
to justice. For many years we have had reason to be proud of 
our veteran sheriff, Hon. John P. Hunter, a public official who 
has ever been fearless and fair in the performance of his duty. 
The vital statistics office for Gills Creek is located in Lancaster, 
and Mr. J. T. Thomasson is in charge of this public service. The 
County Home for paupers is located a short distance from town, 
and has for years been under the care of Mr. Thomas Bennett. 

Lancaster industries have developed greatly in the past few 
years. The Lancaster Cotton Mills, of which Colonel Leroy 
Springs is president, and Mr. Waddey C. Thomson secretary and 
treasurer, has a capital stock of $2,500,000. This industry employs 
about 1,200 people, and its pay-roll is approximately thirty thou¬ 
sand dollars weekly. The Lancaster Cotton Oil Company has a 
capital stock of $93,500, and its products are valued at over three 
quarters of a million dollars annually. Other important Lancaster 
industries are: The Catawba Fertilizer Company, capital $200,000; 
The Lancaster Ice and Fuel Company, under the same manage¬ 
ment with the Builder’s Supply Company, combined capital, $30,- 
000; and the Farmer’s Warehouse Company. 


2 


18 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


There are three state banks in Lancaster, The Bank of Lancaster, 
The First Bank and Trust Company, and The Farmer’s Bank and 
Trust Company, each having a capital stock of fifty thousand 
dollars. The First Bank and Trust Company was until very 
recently The First National Bank. Many insurance companies are 
represented in Lancaster. The Witherspoon Agency, under the 
management of Mrs. L. K. Witherspoon, represents thirteen fire 
insurance companies. The same number of companies are repre¬ 
sented by Gregory and Williams, under the management of Miss 
Annie Gregory. The Lancaster Fire Insurance Company repre¬ 
sents eight companies. In addition to these there are The Farmer’s 
Mutual Fire Insurance, represented by The Farmer’s Bank and 
Trust Company, and various other agencies represented by organi¬ 
zations and individuals. 

Lancaster has three building and loan organizations, each under 
bank direction. The Lancaster Building and Loan Association is 
under The Bank of Lancaster; The Citizens Building and Loan is 
managed by The First Bank and Trust Company; and The Per¬ 
petual Building and Loan is directed by The Farmer’s Bank and 
Trust Company. Each of these enjoys a good business, and 
serves a splendid purpose in the community. 

The newspapers of our town are “The Lancaster News” and 
the “Lancaster County Citizen,” both published bi-weekly. “The 
News” is the older of the two, tracing its descent from “The 
Beacon,” a paper published in Lancaster in the early fifties. 
Then came “The Ledger” in 1852, “The Review” in 1858, “The 
Enterprise” in 1891. In 1905 these three were consolidated into 
“The Lancaster News.” “The Citizen” began publication in 1916, 
and has had a consistent growth in size and circulation. Both of 
these papers work for county progress in things economic, social, 
and moral. They have facilities for job printing in connection with 
their newspaper publication. The Lancaster Job Printery, under 
the skillful management of Mr. Courtney Corcoran, is another 
printing establishment in Lancaster which is making progress. 

In 1890 a school district was organized with Lancaster as its 
center, and shortly thereafter the present graded school building 
was erected on the site of the old Franklin Academy. The recent 
building program for Lancaster’s schools called for the issuing of 
bonds amounting to $160,000. This money has been expended as 
follows: $65,000 for a new high school building for the town; 
$52,000 for a new grammar school at the mill; and $42,000 for a 
colored school building to replace the old “college.” Thirty 
teachers will be employed in the white schools of Lancaster during 


• Lancaster County Towns 


19 


the coming year. The colored schools are under the white board 
of trustees, and their teaching force numbers eight. The Lancaster 
High School stands well in literary and athletic achievements. 
Next year courses in Domestic Science and Business will be added 
to the high school curriculum. 

Lancaster, including the cotton mill town, has eleven churches. 
There are two each of white Methodist and Baptist churches, one 
Episcopal, one Presbyterian, and one Associate Reformed Presby¬ 
terian. There are two colored Methodist churches, and one each 
of Baptist and Presbyterian. Each of these maintains an active 
Sunday School, as well as sundry other religious societies. 

The Lancaster Woman’s Club, Mrs. A. J. Gregory, President, 
was organized less than a year ago with thirty members. It now 
has a membership of sixty. This organization has five distinct 
departments: the musical, literary, civic, educational, and social; 
these to be augmented soon by a Business Woman’s department. 
These ladies seek to advance in every possible way the welfare of 
the town in education, social life, and general culture. They co¬ 
operate in any measure for the public good. 

The United Daughters of the Confederacy have a chapter in 
Lancaster, of which Mrs. G. J. Derrick is the president. This 
group of sixty ladies endeavors to keep alive Southern history and 
traditions. They also contribute regularly to the support of any 
needy Confederate veterans in Lancaster County, and those in 
the Old Soldiers’ Home in Columbia. 

Lancaster has a National Guard Company, of which the officers 
are Captain J. Foster Moore and Lieutenant Jos. O. Colbourne. 
Other Lancaster organizations are the Stafford Graham Post of the 
American Legion, Kiwanis Club, and the Business Men’s Evange¬ 
listic Club. Lancaster has recently become interested in a proposal 
to organize some strictly business clubs in the city. Representa¬ 
tives from" several clubs have already visited Lancaster, but none 
has yet been definitely decided upon. It is to be hoped that some 
action will soon be taken in this important matter. 

Years ago the town of Lancaster adopted the slogan “Lancaster 
Leads.” We see by this brief survey that Lancaster does lead 
in many particulars. With a proper measure of cooperation on the 
part of her citizens there is no reason why Lancaster cannot con¬ 
tinue to be a leader among the towns of South Carolina. 


20 


Lancaster County, Economic and- Social 


Kershaw 

Kershaw, the second largest incorporated place in Lancaster 
County, is situated on the old coach road between Monroe and 
Camden, exactly on the line between Kershaw and Lancaster 
counties. It is seventeen miles south of Lancaster, and twenty- 
three miles north of Camden. The present population of Kershaw 
is 1,022, according to the census of 1920, of whom 655 are in Lan¬ 
caster County and 377 are residents of Kershaw. 

The original settlement at Kershaw was called Welch’s, but 
when the railroad came through that section, the station was called 
Kershaw. This was in the year 1888. The county line runs 
through the town at a 45 degree east and west angle. The fact 
that Kershaw is a two-county town makes a rather unique situa¬ 
tion in government. Two sets of books must be kept for schools, 
taxation, and other municipal functions, and two counties must 
keep th^ir official representatives in the same town. 

On November 13, 1897, Kershaw was practically destroyed by 
fire. The conflagration began in this way. There was a circus in 
town, and the consequent crowds of people from the surrounding 
country. The village bakery was doing a fine business that day, 
making bread for the hungry multitude. And in its efforts to 
supply the unusual demand, the bakery became overheated; took 
fire; other buildings became ignited; and the whole town was 
soon in ashes. But the disaster was productive of good, in that 
brick buildings replaced the wooden ones which had composed the 
town. It’s an ill wind indeed that blows no good to such courage¬ 
ous people!' 

Kershaw has every facility which goes into the making of a good 
municipal government and safe community life. The mayor, Hon. 
C. F. Clyburn, with his council of aldermen, gives the town ex¬ 
cellent management. The residents stand squarely back of their 
officials in performing their duties; law and order reign. Pro¬ 
tection against fire is maintained by an up-to-date fire department, 
composed of volunteers. This organization has in times past 
proven its efficiency. 

The water supply is obtained from an artesian well 461 feet 
deep; it yields an abundance of pure healthful water. Kershaw 
gets its electricity from the plant owned by the Kershaw Oil 
Mill. The principal streets of the town have cement side-walks. 
The health of the whole community is good; the danger of fever 
(formerly a great menace) has been practically obliterated through 
the intelligent use of proper care. 


Lancaster County Towns 


21 


Kershaw is far ahead of most towns its size in the matter of 
school buildings and equipment, having a separate building for the 
high school. In 1905 a brick building was erected which served 
both departments, but a new brick high school has just been 
completed, leaving the other building fully adequate for the needs 
of the grammar school. The people of the town are now working 
with characteristic enthusiasm for a school library, and it is now 
well nigh assured. Kershaw has four white churches, two Bap¬ 
tist, and one each of the Methodist and Presbyterian denomina¬ 
tions. They all have good buildings; their membership is growing; 
the best spiritual interests of the people are nurtured and advanced 
in every way. 

When Kershaw began her existence as a town its main indus¬ 
tries were lumber and turpentine. We imagine that some of the 
first inhabitants would hardly know their “old home town” if 
they could see it today, with all its varied industries and business 
houses. There are stores sufficient for the needs of the town and 
surrounding country. The People’s Bank in Lancaster County, 
and another bank in Kershaw County, attend to the financial 
needs of their patrons. The Kershaw Oil Mill, which crushes 
18,886 tons of seed per annum, is the largest independent oil mill 
in South Carolina. The Kershaw Cotton Mill has a capital stock 
of $300,000; 482 modern looms, and 12,160 spindles. Two cotton 
warehouses serve the farmers, the one in Lancaster County having 
a capacity of 3,000 bales. Three life insurance companies are 
represented in Kershaw, two of them on the Lancaster side of 
the line. Dr. L. T. Gregory is president of a flourishing Building 
and Loan Company. Kershaw’s newspaper, “The Kershaw Era,” 
was in our county until a slight change in the line a few years ago 
placed it one block over on the Kershaw territory. It is an eight 
page, six column, weekly newspaper, and is now entering upon 
its thirty-fifth volume. For thirty-two years it has been under its 
present management, Captain J. W. Hamel. It has a good cir¬ 
culation in portions of three counties, Lancaster, Kershaw, and 
Chesterfield. It has worked diligently for the educational and 
agricultural advancement of the people, and is outspoken in its 
advocacy of that which it believes to be for the best interests of 
the community. “The Era” has a well equipped job department, 
and enjoys a good patronage. 

Kershaw has several local organizations working for the public 
good. There is the Fellowship Club—a “get-together organiza¬ 
tion” of fifty members—striving to advance business and cum- 
munity interests. The School Improvement Association, Mrs. 


22 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


B. J. Truesdale, President, has for its object to help the edu¬ 
cational and civic condition of Kershaw in any possible way. This 
body is composed of thirty-five ladies; they have lately been in¬ 
strumental in having installed a new heating plant in the school 
building, and a sanitary drinking fountain. The United Daughters 
of the Confederacy, with a membership of forty-six, is actively 
engaged in keeping alive the best traditions of the Southern Con¬ 
federacy. Mrs. R. E. Tompkins is president of this body. The 
Walter Johnson Post of the American Legion has 75 active mem¬ 
bers who “carry on” the ideals of our youngest veterans. 

Kershaw is a thriving town, with an inspiring history. Her 
future bids fair to equal her past. 


Heath Springs 

Travelers through South Carolina in the old days were wont to 
stop at a spring about eleven miles south of Lancaster to refresh 
themselves with a cool draught. The water from this natural 
fountain was noted for its curative powers, hence the place was 
called Mineral Spring. This spring was owned by a Mr. Phillip 
Cauthen, who also owned much of the land surrounding it. When 
the railroad came into that section of the county, it passed close 
by this spring. Shortly afterwards, Mr. B. D. Heath bought this 
place from Mr. Cauthen; laid off a town; called it Heath’s Spring; 
sold building lots; and ere long Lancaster County found herself 
possessed of another thriving incorporated town. In 1910 the 
name of the town was changed to Heath Springs, honoring 
Colonel Leroy Springs of Lancaster, friend and business partner 
of Mr. Heath. It is rather singular that the whole significance of 
the town’s name could be changed by merely shifting an “s.” 

Heath Springs is located but two miles from the Hanging 
Rock battle ground, and lays claim to many interesting historical 
incidents. George Washington, on his tour through the South, 
spent the night with Mr. James Ingram near the town. It is the 
native town of Dr. J. Marion Sims, the famous surgeon. He is said 
to have acknowledged his allegiance to Heath Springs when he 
visited his early home there a short time before his death. There 
was once a famous hotel near the spring which did a good business, 
but it has long since been discontinued. In the early part of this 
century the town was destroyed by fire, but as was the case in 
Kershaw, wood was replaced by brick and stone, so the calamity 
was turned into a blessing. 



Lancaster County Towns 


23 


The population of Heath Springs is 505, within an incorporated 
area of one square mile. The local government is under the 
mayor, Hon. E. Coke Bridges, and his capable board of aldermen. 
They are active and conscientious in the discharge of their duties, 
and receive the support of all the people. The health conditions 
of the community are good—there are two doctors in town, but 
the people claim that they are needed only in cases of emergency. 
Electric lights and water works will soon be provided for under a 
$35,000 bond issue which has already been made. Work upon 
these projects is to begin soon. Electricity will be obtained by 
means of a transmission line to Lancaster. 

Several New England textile capitalists have recently been in 
communication with Mayor Bridges regarding the establishment of 
cotton manufactories in Heath Springs. This is evidence that they 
have seen the possibilities which Heath Springs has to offer, and 
it is expected that such industries will soon be established there. 
Hutto and Bourbonnais, a manufacturing concern of Hickory, 
N. C., has bought land, and is now erecting a box factory in Heath 
Springs—attracted there by the extensive lumber interests in the 
town. A planing mill has long been in operation, and now runs 
both day and night. 

At present, as in the past, Heath Springs’ chief interest is in 
cotton. It is a noted cotton market, supported by a rich farming 
section, and now has a large warehouse under the control of the 
Springs Banking and Mercantile Company. The Bank of Heath 
Springs and the Farmer’s and Merchant’s Bank have a combined 
capital stock of $65,000. The Heath Springs Building and Loan 
Association, Mr. J. A. Bridges, President, now carries three an¬ 
nual series. Two insurance companies secure a good business 
from the town and community. 

The progressive spirit of* Heath Springs in educational matters 
is indicated by her good school program. Fifty thousand dollars 
worth of bonds have already been issued to provide for a new 
brick high school, with nine classrooms, and an auditorium with 
a capacity of,six hundred. The people have always been judicious 
in the selection of their teachers, and the schools have shown a 
steady growth. 

The Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches have modern 
houses of worship, and are doing their great service in an excellent 
manner. There has recently been organized the Business Men’s 
Evangelistic Club, a powerful force for good. The School Im¬ 
provement Association, composed of Heath Springs ladies, has 
been active in behalf of the schools, and the town generally. 


24 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


The town of Heath Springs maintains a camping ground for 
tourists near the spring. This is a good thing—not only for the 
town, but for those who accept this courtesy. For Heath Springs 
is a good town—her people are hospitable and charming—those 
who know them are indeed fortunate. And many of those who 
camp there for a day could not do better than to build a “per¬ 
manent camp,” home, in this beautiful and progressive community. 


Pleasant Hill 

Pleasant Hill, so called after the township of that name, is said 
to be the highest point between Rock Hill and Camden. Shortly 
after the building of the railroad Pleasant Hill became an in¬ 
corporated town, but it has since surrendered its charter. Among 
the early residents of the town were Dr. R. S. Beckham, Colonel 
L. J. Perry, J. H. Robertson, W. A. Marshall, and S. Beckham; all 
of these are familiar Lancaster County names. Pleasant Hill now 
has about twenty-five homes within a radius of three quarters of a 
mile. 

It has a State Cotton Warehouse, a shingle mill, cotton gin, saw 
mill, grist mill, and a filling station. It has always been a great 
cantaloupe center, and the farmers are now awakening to the 
possibilities for fruit culture. Mr. C. S. Robertson is “fighting the 
boll weevil with peaches”—he has 1,000 peach trees bearing, and 
finds a ready sale for them through the Charlotte markets. 

The Pleasant Hill school is a three-teacher school, in a comfort¬ 
able building. The only white church is of the Associate Re¬ 
formed Presbyterian denomination. There are two colored churches, 
Methodist and Baptist. 


Elgin 

Five miles south of Lancaster St. Luke’s Methodist Church has 
stood for nearly half a century, and around it has grown a 
stable community. This place first took the name St. Luke’s, after 
their church. But after the coming of the railroad the post office 
was changed to the name which the railroad officials had given 
the station, Elgin. This was in 1895, at that time Mr. W. J. Denton 
was the Postmaster. Later the post office was abandoned, and 
mail service to Elgin now goes through the Lancaster office. 

Elgin has over a dozen homes within a radius of one-half mile. 
The Methodist church there was organized in 1881, and has always 
been very active. They are now planning to build additional rooms 




Lancaster County Towns 


25 


for the Sunday School and Epworth League. The Elgin school 
has two teachers, and has a seven-months’ session. 

One general merchandise store supplies the neighborhood. This 
store is owned by Harper and Hagins, who also manage a ginnery, 
grist mill, and cotton warehouse. Elgin is the center of a good 
farming section, and has a high standard of community life. 


Riverside 

Lindsay was the first name of the Riverside post office, although 
Riverside has always been the name of the station. About 1910 
the name Lindsay ceased to be used at all, and the post office took 
the station name. 

This is one of Lancaster County’s oldest and most honored 
settlements. Within two miles of old Waxhaw Church, Riverside 
has always upheld the traditions of that community. The people 
are mostly Associate Reformed Presbyterians, worshipping at the 
Shiloh, Waxhaw, and Lancaster churches. They have a two- 
teacher, seven-months’ school, in which the people take great in¬ 
terest. There are a dozen homes within one-half mile of the station; 
the town also has a good ginnery, store, and grist mill. 


Van Wyck 

Some people claim that Van Wyck should have been named 
Waxhaw, because it is the original Waxhaw settlement. The 
Waxhaw Post Office was located here over a century ago. It 
was once moved to Lansford, but later came back to Van Wyck. 
Originally the place was called Heath’s, but that name conflicted 
so often with Heath’s Spring (as then called) that a change was 
made. General Hoke, an official of the Seaboard railroad, named 
it Van Wyck in honor of his wife, a Miss Van Wyck, relative of 
the then mayor of New York. This change took place in 1887, 
shortly after the Seaboard railroad came into Lancaster County. 
Van Wyck is unique in that it is the only town of that name in 
the United States. 

Van Wyck is but one and one-half miles from the North Caro¬ 
lina line, and both “Horse-shoe” Robinson and Andrew Jackson 
were born within four miles of the town. Near Van Wyck is a 
locally famous Methodist church where the great preacher Lorenzo 
Dow held services once a year. His circuit was so large that he 
could reach Van Wyck but once in twelve months, and it is a 




26 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


wonderful tribute to his ministry that the whole community felt 
the beneficial influence of his annual sermon! The population of 
Van Wyck, according to the 1920 census, was 200; it is not an in¬ 
corporated town. It has two Methodist churches, and one Presby¬ 
terian, all nice brick structures. These three churches have a 
Union Sunday School and Epworth Teague, an evidence of the 
practical inter-church fellowship in that community. There is one 
colored Methodist church. 

The school of Van Wyck employs three teachers, and has an 
eight-months’ session. The present building is of wood; but bonds 
have recently been issued to the amount of $12,000, to be used 
in the construction of a modern brick school house. The school 
maintains a good library, and a well-equipped play-ground. 

Van Wyck has four stores, two gins, a saw mill, grist mill, and 
a large brick kiln. This kiln produces 50,000 brick per day, yet it 
cannot supply the demands made upon it. Mr. W. N. Ash is the 
owner and manager of this industry. There is a cotton warehouse, 
with a capacity of 700 bales, located in Van Wyck. Most of the 
Van Wyck stores and homes are lighted by the Delco system, or 
by acetylene. The general health of the town is exceptionally 
good. 


Osceola 

Osceola is named for the great Indian chief who gave our 
government so much trouble, and who is buried at Fort Moultrie, 
on Sullivan’s Island. The name of the post office is Osceola, but 
the railroad calls the station Hancock- Osceola has twenty 
homes within a radius of one-half mile. It is located two miles 
south of the State line. The school there employs two teachers, 
and has a session of eight months. There is one church in 
Osceola; it is of the Methodist denomination. 


Other Communities 

There are in Lancaster County several other more or less thickly 
settled communities. Although they are not towns nor villages^ 
yet they have become centers of community life in their sections. 
As such they play an important part in the life of the county, and 
their citizens are recognized for the high standards of culture which 
characterize them. 




Natural Resources and Industries 


27 


III 

NATURAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 

CARL W. McMURRAY 

Geography 

Lancaster County is situated in the northern part of the State 
of South Carolina. The county is irregular in shape. It is bounded 
on the north by North Carolina; on the east by Lynches River, 
immediately beyond which is Chesterfield County; on the south by 
Kershaw County; and on the west by York, Chester and Fair- 
field counties, all of which are separated from Lancaster County 
by the Catawba River except the northern part of York County. 
The Catawba River extends in a general north and south direction, 
and Lynches River flows slightly southeast. Lancaster, the county 
seat, is located near the center of Lancaster County and is the 
principal' town. According to the Soil Survey of Lancaster County, 
the area of the county is 311,323 acres, or 515 square miles, rank¬ 
ing 34th in size among the counties of the State. 


Topography 

Lancaster County represents an originally level plain which has 
undergone the erosive action of many streams to such an extent 
that its topographic features are now very marked, being made up 
of a succession of rolling hills and deep stream valleys. The 
divides have a tendency to descend rather abruptly to the narrow 
flood plains of the streams. In the extreme southeastern part of the 
county, around Kershaw and Heath Springs, the land assumes a 
more undulating and less rolling character; and it is here that the 
heavier types of soil give way to a lighter and more sandy soil. 
The southwestern part of the county is characterized by a rough, 
uneven surface. 

The ridges in the county have a north and south trend, the main 
watershed being topped by the Rocky River road. This ridge 
gives rise to two separate systems of drainage; that of Lynches 
River on the east, and that of Catawba River on the west. 



28 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


Climate 

The following table shows the precipitation and temperature 
changes, according to observations taken at Heath Springs, South 
Carolina. The altitude at Heath Springs is 568 feet above the sea 
level. The mean figures represent observations covering 19 years. 


Temperature 

Fahrenheit 

Precipitation 

Inches 


Mean 

Absolute 

Maximum 

Absolute 

Minimum 

Mean 

Total Amt. 

for Driest 

Year 

Total Amt. 

for Wettest 

Year 

December . 

42.2 

75 

0 

3.73 

2.17 

1.70 

January . 

43.4 

77 

7 

3.59 

2.39 

4.00 

February . 

43.0 

77 

10 

3.80 

3.57 

8.08 

Winter . 

42.8 

.... 


11.12 

8.03 

13.78 

March . 

53.4 

91 

15 

3.49 

1.90 

5.38 

April . 

60.4 

93 

21 

3.04 

1.17 

4.54 

May . 

70.2 

101 

39 

3.17 

1.10 

1.14 

Spring . 

61.3 


.1 

9.70 

4.17 

11.06 

June . 

76.4 

105 

45 

5.20 

4.04 

10.19 

July . 

79.4 

105 

55 

4.89 

11.79 

1.82 

August . 

78.8 

104 

54 

5.50 

2.93 

12.15 

Summer . 

78.2 


. 

15.59 

18.76 

24.16 

September . 

73.1 

102 

40 

2.99 

1.21 

2.81 

October . 

62.4 

96 

24 

2.45 

1.82 

2.61 

November . 

51.9 

87 

12 

2.19 

0.51 

0.83 

Autumn . 

62.4 

.... 


7.63 

| 3.54 

6.25 

Y ear . 

61.2 

105 

0 

44.04 

1 1 

| 34.60 

j 55.25 


The average date for the last killing frost in Spring is March 
29th, and the average date for the first killing frost in Autumn is 
November 4th. The average growing season is 220 days. During 
the last 19 years, the latest date of killing frost in Spring was 
April 19th, 1905, and the earliest date of killing frost in Autumn 
was October 11th, 1906. The average annual snowfall is 2.8 inches. 
The average annual rainfall is 44.04 inches. The annual average 
sunshine is 60 per cent. The average annual wind movement is 
7 miles per hour. The prevailing winds are from the West. 














































Natural Resources and Industries 


29 


Altitude 

The altitude of the county varies from 500 to 1,000 feet above 
the sea level. The lowest section of the county is found along the 
valley of the Catawba River, which is the western border line of 
the county. The highest altitudes are found in the central and 
northern portions of the county; Liberty Hill is the highest point 
in the central part of the county, while the panhandle affords a 
close rival for altitude in the northern section. 


Soils 

.With the exception of the Norfolk sand, which is sedimentary, 
and the Meadow, an alluvial deposit, all soils in Lancaster County 
are of residual origin. The predominant types are the cecil series, 
namely: cecil clay, cecil silt loam, cecil fine clay loam, and cecil 
sandy loam. 

The following table shows the extent of the different types of 
soil: 


Soil type 

Acres 

Per cent 

Cecil clay . 

114,752 

36.9 

Cecil silt loam. 

74,048 

23.8 

Norfolk sand . 

38,528 

12.4 

Cecil fine sandy loam. 

28,096 

9.0 

Cecil gravelly loam . 

23,744 

7.6 

Cecil sandy loam . 

20,672 

6.6 

Meadow . 

11,392 

3.7 

Total . 

311,232 

100. 


The cecil clay, which consists of a reddish brown loam or clay 
loam to a depth of four to six inches, underlain by a sticky red 
clay is found in very large bodies in the western and southwestern 
parts of Lancaster County. It also occurs in lesser bodies in other 
parts of the county; being found on the rolling hills and slopes in 
the northern part of the county, but, in the southern part, it con¬ 
fines itself more generally to the stream banks. This type of soil, 
due to its elevation, is well drained; and consequently, can stand 
the effects of wet seasons to a marked degree. It has a decided 
tendency to wash and gully under cultivation, unless great care 
is exercised to prevent it. 

The largest body of cecil sandy loam is found in the extreme 
northwestern part of the county, though it is not confined to this 
section alone. It occupies the undulating divides between stream 
courses and on level hill tops. This soil, to a depth of from six 
to fifteen inches, is a medium to fine sandy loam, brown or gray 















30 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


in color; and is underlain by stiff, tenacious red or yellow clay, 
usually containing some sand. 

The soil of the Cecil gravelly loam, to a depth of seven inches, 
usually consists of a brown sandy loam. The subsoil is underlain 
by granite in a state of decomposition at from ten to twenty-five 
feet below the surface. This is found in the high broken uplands 
in the southwestern corner of the county. It is very easily washed, 
the result being that large areas formerly under cultivation have 
been abandoned. 

The cecil silt loam consists of a light gray or ashy white silt 
loam, resting upon a yellow and slightly heavier silt loam from ten 
to fifteen inches below the surface, which is underlain by a stiff 
yellow or red clay. A distinct phase of the cecil silt loam is found 
in the northwestern part of the . county around Tradesville. This 
type, locally known as “white land,” is second in extent in the 
county, forming by far the greater part of the northeastern sec¬ 
tion of the county, and occurring in more limited areas in other 
portions. 

The surface soil of the cecil fine sandy loam consists of a light- 
gray fine sandy loam, more compact than the silt loams. The sur¬ 
face soil extends to a depth of about fifteen inches. Beneath this is 
found a yellow subsoil. Its largest distribution is in one con¬ 
tinuous body, the central point of which is about one mile south 
of Dry Creek. The drainage of this soil is almost perfect. 

The Norfolk sand is a coarse to medium gray incoherent sand, 
overlying a yellow sand, which grades at thirty-six inches or more 
into a yellow sandy clay. The areas of the Norfolk sand are con¬ 
fined to the extreme southeastern part of the county, in the 
vicinity of Heath Springs and Kershaw. This type occupies the 
level or gently undulating divides between stream courses and is 
remarkably well drained. Owing to its loose, porous structure, it 
frequently suffers from the effects of drought. 

The meadow soil consists of a chocolate-brown or reddish fine 
sandy loam. It sometimes develops into a clay loam at a depth of 
fifteen or eighteen inches. This type is subject to variations along 
the minor stream courses. It occurs as a narrow strip along the 
Catawba River and larger creeks, rarely exceeding one-eighth of a 
mile in width. This soil is made up of the finer particles which 
have been washed down from the adjacent hillsides and reworked 
by the streams with the sediment of the latter. 


Natural Resources and Industries 


31 


Timber 

The land area of Lancaster County is 329,600 acres, according 
to the 1920 census. 32.3 per cent of the total land area, or 106,461 
acres are in woodland, ranking 32d among the counties of the 
State in this particular 1 . Lancaster County farms are 42 per cent 
woodland, and in this our county ranks 21st. 

Among the hardwoods in the county are found the oak, ash, 
poplar, gum and a small quantity of walnut. Among the pines, 
the short leaf is the prevailing type. This is used extensively for 
fuel as well as for lumber. A typical forest in Lancaster County 
is composed of shortleaf pines mixed with hardwoods. Where the 
pine appears in pure stands of second growth, it is called “old 
field” pine. 

No statistics are available as to the number of feet of mer¬ 
chantable timber in the county. 

It may be well to give some attention here to the timber situa¬ 
tion in the State as a whole. In 1920, the United States Forest 
Service recorded 13,889,800,000 feet of standing merchantable pine 
timber in South Carolina. The amount recorded in 1908 was ap¬ 
proximately 45,000,000,000 feet. During the short period of twelve 
years we see a decrease of 31,110,200,000 feet in merchantable pine 
timber. This situation is alarming, to say the least, when we 
remember that the annual growth of timber in the State is only 250,- 
000,000 feet. When we consider our entire country, we find the 
situation equally acute. In the United States the consumption of 
timber is four times as great as the annual growth. Taking th® 
figures given above as a conservative estimate, we are brought 
face to face with the appalling fact that in South Carolina we are 
sustaining annually a deficit of three-fourths of a billion feet of 
timber. It is time to take some active steps toward educating our 
people to conserve the fofests. 


Mineral Resources 

The chief mineral resources in Lancaster County, as far as yet 
discovered, consist of brick clay, granite, molybdenite, pyrite, and 
gold. The best type of brick clay in the county is found at Van 
Wyck. A fine quality of granite is found near Heath Springs, at 
Stoneboro. Molybdenite occurs in the Haile Mine. Pyrite is found 
in the Haile and Blackmon mines. Gold is found in the Haile and 
Blackmon mines, also in various other places in the county in 
lesser quantities. 



32 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


Granite 

Two grades of granite are found in Lancaster County, but these 
are limited principally to the southern part of the county, near the 
Kershaw County line. One grade is the biotite granite or dark- 
gray color and fine grain, and is used chiefly for monumental 
stock; the other grade is a biotite granite of coarser-grained 
porphyritic texture. Only the dark-gray fine-grained granite has 
been quarried to any great extent. Granite from the Excelsior 
Granite Quarry, five miles southwest of Heath Springs, is gray 
and polishes to a much darker gray. It splits true and works well 
under the chisel or chipping hammer, and is susceptible of very 
high polish. It is superbly adapted to high grade monumental 
work, especially where relief effects are desired. This property is 
actively operated and contributes an extensive supply of stone fo** 
monumental work. 


Pyrite 

From the summer of 1915 to June 1917, the Haile mine was 
worked chiefly for pyrite by A. K. Blakeney of Kershaw, who 
mined and shipped 8,500 tons of pyrite ore averaging 48 per cent 
in sulphur. In 1917, the property was leased by the Kershaw Min¬ 
ing Company for a period of three years for the purpose of mining 
pyrite. The company spent about $90,000 putting the mine in good 
producing condition, expecting to turn out ore at the rate of 50,- 
000 tons a year. The mine did not come up to their expectations, 
and in January, 1919, operations ceased. 


Gold 

The Haile Gold Mine has been the best mine in South Carolina 
both from the standpoint of quantity and quality of gold pro¬ 
duced. It began operations in 1829, and has proven to be the 
most productive mine east of the Mississippi River. The Haile 
Mine is in the southern part of Lancaster County on Lynches 
River, three and one-half miles northeast of Kershaw. The 
property includes a two thousand acre tract, comprising areas of 
timber land and numerous surrounding farms. It* is owned by 
the Haile Gold Mining Company of New York City. This mine was 
worked more or less continuously for gold from 1829 to 1908 and 
is reported to have produced during that period about $3,500,000 
in gold. Dr. Thies, the Colorado expert, came to the Haile Mine 
in 1888, and greatly improved the facilities for mining with his 




Natural Resources and Industries 


33 


“Thies Chlorination Process,” so much so, that eleven years 
later the Haile mine produced almost $160,000 worth of gold—the 
maximum ever mined in this State in one year. The Haile Mine 
is no longer worked for gold. 


Industries 

Lancaster County has over four million dollars invested in her 
industries. The greater part of this capital is invested in textile 
mills, oil mills, and a fertilizer factory. Lancaster County has made 
splendid industrial progress in the past few years, especially in 
textiles. Our progress in the past is encouraging but it should not 
cause us to rest content with our present achievements; rather, 
it should challenge us to go forward with greater zeal and de¬ 
termination. We rank 12th among the counties of the State in 
value of annual product, and 14th in amount of capital invested 
in textile mills. These figures prove that the conditions in Lan¬ 
caster County are highly adapted to successful operation of cotton 
manufactures. 

The present trend in the textile industry is the movement of 
mills from the New England States to the Southern States. This 
movement is due to better manufacturing advantages in the South. 
In the South we have better labor conditions. Our laborers are 
composed of 90 per cent native Americans, and are more efficient 
and faithful workers than the foreign element in the North. 85 
per cent of the labor, in New England is the foreign element, 
which lends itself to frequent strikes and radical movements. 
Another advantage in the South is the mild climate which makes 
living cheaper for the workers, and thereby makes the value of 
a dollar greater in the South than in the North. There is ample 
water power in the South, and this should be a drawing card for 
Lancaster County; for Lancaster is within easy reach of enough 
water power to supply sufficient energy to vastly increase our 
textile industry without the use of coal. 

Lancaster County must take advantage of these natural in¬ 
ducements and make them count for economic advancement. We 
cannot expect things to come our way unless we go after them. 
So let’s get busy. 



34 


Lancaster County, Economic and Sociae 


Lancaster Cotton Mills 

The Lancaster Cotton Mills were incorporated in 1895 with au¬ 
thorized capital stock of $2,500,000, and with Colonel Leroy 
Springs, President; W. C. Thomson, Secretary-Treasurer and 
Buyer; and F. G. Cobb, Superintendent. 

Dividends are paid regularly on the preferred stock, and have 
been paid on the common stock in recent years, as follows: 1899, 
6 per cent; 1900, 7 per cent; 1901, 8 per cent; 1902-1906, 7 per 
cent; 1908, 8 per cent; 1909-1918, 10 per cent; 1919, 20 per cent; 
and 1920-1922, 10 per cent. 

The Lancaster Cotton Mills produce print cloth, sheeting, and 
one to thirty single ply yarns for market. The mill is equipped 
with 257 cards, 3,006 broad looms, 140,000 ring spindles, and the 
machinery is operated by electric power. The average number 
of employees is 1,200. 


Kershaw Cotton Mill 

The Kershaw Cotton Mill of which Colonel Leroy Springs is 
president has $300,000 capital. It produces fine carded lawns, 
print cloths and shade goods; and is equipped with 482 broad 
looms, and 12,160 ring spindles. The machinery is operated by 
steam power. 


Oil Mills 

Lancaster County has two cotton seed oil mills, namely: The 
Lancaster Cotton Oil Company and the Kershaw Oil -Mill. The 
two mills have a combined capital of $93,500, and the value of the 
annual product was $1,659,640 in 1921. The plant was operated 
215 days during that year, employing an average of 129 persons. 
The total wages paid to employees, exclusive of managers’ sal¬ 
aries, was $94,120. 


Fertilizers 

The Catawba Fertilizer Company has $200,000 invested as capital. 
The value of the products in 1921 was $474,553. The plant was 
operated 285 days, with 32 persons employed, who received wages 
amounting to $40,932. 





Natural Resources and Industries 


35 


Classified Summary of Industries in Lancaster County 

(Based on the 1921 report of the State Commissioner of Agricul¬ 
ture, Commerce and Industries.) 



Capital 

Invested 

Value of 

Annual 

Product 

Average No. 

of Persons 

Employed 

No. Days Plants 

Operated 

Estimated 

Wages 

Exclusive of 

Managers’ 

Salaries 

Rank Among 

The Counties 

As To Capital 

Invested 

Textiles . 

$3,695,135 

$4,492,362 

1,463 

298 

$ 827,782 

14 

Oil Mills . 

93,500 

1,659,640 

129 

215 

94,120 

21 

Fertilizers . 

200,000 

474,553 

32 

285 

40,932 

8 

Minerals and Soda . 

108,000 

21,273 

5 

295 

2,594 

8 

Electricity '. 

26,033 

21,634 

3 

365 

2,360 

31 

Monuments and. Stone 

15,000 

3,500 


300 


6 

Ice . 

1 12,000 

1 12,600 

7 

200 

2,986 

21 

Printing and Publishing. . 

2,500 

5,000 

3 

310 

1,400 

29 

Total . 

j$4,152,168 

j $6,690,562 

| 1,642 12,268 |$ 972,174 |. 

Ill 1 

























36 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


IV 

FACTS ABOUT THE FOLKS 

E. A. BEATY 

The “know thyself” of the ancients applies just as well today 
as it ever did; and it might apply to a county just as well as to an 
individual. Consequently, the object of this chapter is to increase 
our knowledge of ourselves—not only that we may “see ourselves 
as others see us,” but that we may see our county as she really is. 
Since these figures relate to ourselves, they should lose some of 
the “dryness” that is usually supposed to accompany statistics. 
Folks are the most interesting things in the world; hence these 
vital facts about our own folks should be of more than ordinary 
interest to us. 

These figures are all quoted from the Fourteenth Census of 1920, 
unless otherwise indicated. In some few cases we have been com¬ 
pelled to use less recent figures, but it should be borne in mind 
that a few years rarely make any startling changes in the con¬ 
ditions of a country. True and lasting progress is a gradual and 
often very slow process. The time for its accomplishment may 
seem interminable, yet we may take courage for the future if we 
but do our best in the time allotted to us for service. 

Careful consideration of the comparative tables appended to this 
chapter will be valuable to the reader. It will give him a better 
understanding of our own condition to see how we rank with our 
sister counties in these important facts. 


Population Facts 

% 

The population of Lancaster County in 1910 was 26,650 persons; 
and in 1920 this number had swelled to 28,628—an increase of 1,- 
928, or 7.23 per cent. The growth in population since the year 1790 
can be seen by reference to the table at the end of the chapter. 
With our present population, we have an average density of 55.6 
persons to the square mile. In this particular we are but very 
little behind the average for the whole State, which has 56.1 persons 
per square mile. Yet, when we consider the fact. that there are 
90,000 acres of idle land in our county, we find that we can very 
easily accommodate 5,985 new settlers in Lancaster County. This 
means that we should have 1,197 new families in our county. Our 



Facts About the Folks 


37 


rural density at present is 49.7 persons to the square mile; we 
are 16th in the State in this respect. 

Lancaster County, like her State, has a vast majority of her 
population “on the farm.” Our rural population is 25,596, as com¬ 
pared with an urban population of only 3,032. But let us under¬ 
stand clearly what we mean by the words “rural” and “urban.” 
We use these words in that sense in which the census defines them. 
The urban population embraces only those who live in towns of at 
least 2,500 inhabitants; all others are considered as rural. Calculat¬ 
ing on this basis, we find that we have but 21,524 persons actually 
living in the open country. 

The increase of the manufacturing interests in the county is 
continually drawing many of our people away from the farms. 
This is a very dangerous tendency, since we can ill afiford for our 
white people to leave the farms altogether to the negroes. Our 
methods of farming in Lancaster County have not become so im¬ 
proved as to justify this alarming exodus from the country to the 
towns, on the plea that there is not enough work on the farms. 
It is tragic for us to lose these best custodians of our basic in¬ 
stitutions, the farmers, merely in order to swell the population of 
our towns. Urban centers must in the end defeat their own 
highest interests if, vampire-like, they continue to suck the best 
blood of the country as their means of growth. 


Color and Nativity 

Lancaster County is one of only fourteen counties in South 
Carolina having a white majority, our rank being tenth in this 
respect. The white population of the county is. 15,545, or 54.3 
per cent of the total population. This leaves us a negro popula¬ 
tion of 13,083, or 45.7 per cent of the total. The white peoiple and 
the colored people of Lancaster County have always lived on the 
most friendly and mutually helpful terms with each other. More 
than ever before, there seems now to be in evidence the earnest 
desire on the part of each race to live in helpful harmony with the 
other. So long as this spirit actuates our county life, there will 
continue undisturbed this same laudable amity between our two 
races of people. 

Between the years 1910 and 1920 Lancaster County showed an 
increase in white population of 15.1 per cent; and a decrease of 
.04 per cent in the negro population. This is a very significant fact, 
especially when we consider that the percentage of the negro de¬ 
crease in ratio of the total county population was 3.6 per cent. 



38 


Lancaster County, Economic and Sociae 


These figures would seem to assure us that Lancaster’s white 
majority will be maintained in the future years. 

Practically all of our people are native born, though we have in 
our county some excellent citizens of foreign birth. These people 
are welcomed, and are urged to take their part in the social and 
economic betterment of their adopted home. 


Education 

According to the Census of 1920, Lancaster County ranks 17th 
among the counties of South Carolina in the matter of total 
illiteracy, our percentage being 17.8 per cent totally illiterate. So 
far as the mere matter of rank is concerned—considering the fact 
that Pickens County ranks first with 10.7 per cent totally illiterate, 
and Berkeley County ranks last with 38.4 per cent totally illiterate 
•—our standing is not so bad as it might be. It is even slightly 
better than the State average of 18.1 per cent. But what a shame 
that eighteen out of every hundred Lancastrians can neither read 
nor write—not so much as their own names! We are glad to be 
able to report that there has been some improvement in our edu¬ 
cational condition. Night schools, both for adults and children, 
are being opened in some localities, and many are now learning 
the “three R’s” who never before had any opportunity to do so. 
But there is yet much room for greater improvement; this crying 
need constitutes a challenge to the patriotism and altruism of every 
right thinking educated man and woman of Lancaster Count}'. 

We rank 35th among the counties of South Carolina in the per¬ 
centage of native white illiterates over ten years of age. Our per¬ 
centage in this is 8.1 peri cent. The State average is 6.5 per cent 
native white illiterates over ten years old. Surely every possible 
effort should be made to reduce these figures both in our State 
and in Lancaster County. Now let us look at the figures for 
illiterates over 21 years of age. We have 10.1 per cent male white 
illiterates over this age, our rank in this being 36th among the 
counties of South Carolina. Lancaster County takes the un¬ 
enviable 37th place in the matter of white female illiterates over 21 
years of age—having 10.9 per cent in our county. Any true prog¬ 
ress in Lancaster County demands first that these high figures in¬ 
dicating our low educational standing be reduced to show a higher 
standing. Education is development; and it is the inalienable right 
of every citizen of Lancaster County to possess sufficient educa¬ 
tion to insure his proper development and growth. 



Facts About the Foeks 


39 


If one will turn to the record for farm tenancy in Lancaster 
County, he will find that 73 per cent -of our farms are operated by 
tenant farmers. It is noticeable that only 31.1 per cent of our 
farm lands have been improved for agriculture. What is the 
lesson of these figures? A study of conditions throughout the 
State and Nation will show that there seems to be a direct re¬ 
lation between illiteracy and farm tenancy. So also there is a 
direct relation between farm tenancy and the under-development 
of lands for farming. Then we are brought face to face with the 
conclusion that the greater the illiteracy, the greater will be the 
number of tenant-operated farms, and consequently the less will be 
the development of farm lands. All this means little progress. 
Hence we see the vital necessity for eradicating all illiteracy, not 
only from the primary social and moral standpoints, but from this 
great economic point of view r as well. 


Village Population and Growth 

We have pointed out the fact that the majority of our people 
are rural, that is, live in the open country or in centers of less than 
2,500 inhabitants. But there has been considerable growth in the 
population of these Lancaster County towns and villages during 
the past decade. 

In 1910 the town of Lancaster, the county seat of Lancaster 
County, had a population of 2,098, and in 1900 its population was 
but 1,477. The last Census report gave its population as 3,032. 
This is a right considerable increase. It is also worthy of note 
that the town of Lancaster has an incorporated area of only one- 
half mile in radius, thus the entire cotton mill community lies 
exterior to the town proper. This industrial population, accord¬ 
ing to the Thirteenth Annual Report of the Commission of 
Agriculture, Commerce, and Industries, amounts to 2,550 persons. 
If this population be added to Lancaster’s incorporated inhabitants, 
then she easily leaves the town class and becomes a city. 

The second largest incorporated place in Lancaster County is 
Kershaw, a thriving manufacturing center with a population of 
1,022. Of these, 655 are inhabitants of Lancaster County, while 
the remaining 377 are citizens of Kershaw County. Kershaw 
shows an increase of 72 persons since 1910, and gives promise of 
still more growth in the future. There is no reason in the world 
why she should not grow. Possessing excellent possibilities for 
the development of further manufacturing interests, and having 
also a prosperous rural backing, the future growth of Kershaw 
seems well assured. 



40 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


Heath Springs is the third incorporated place in Lancaster 
County, having now a population of 505. It likewise shows steady 
growth, its population has increased from 266 to 452 between the 
years 1900 and 1910, and from 452 to its present number during 
the past ten years. Heath Springs also has a prosperous agricul¬ 
tural background, and can continue to grow. 

The total population of these three centers is 7,109 persons, in¬ 
cluding the suburban population of the town of Lancaster. Sub¬ 
tracting this number from the total county population, we find 
that we have only 21,524 inhabitants actually in the open country. 
This gives us only 75 per cent of our population living on the 
farms of Lancaster County. 


Vital Statistics 

The vital statistics for Lancaster County will give us a fairly 
reliable index to the health conditions of our people; for it is cer¬ 
tainly a fact that “healthy people never die”—except by accident or 
old age! In looking at these figures, every one of Lancaster’s 
citizens should be impressed with their great importance, and with 
the greater importance of earnestly striving to improve the health 
conditions of the people of Lancaster County. 

According to the 1921 figures of the Bureau of Vital Statistics 
of the South Carolina State Board of Health, there were 319 
deaths in Lancaster County during that year. This is at the rate 
of 11 persons per one thousand, giving us 20th place among the 
counties of the State in this respect. However, we are slightly— 
though very slightly—better than the State average of 11.9 deaths 
per one thousand inhabitants. When we consider the natural 
healthfulness of our climatic conditions, our elevation, and our 
salutary freedom from population density, then we must con¬ 
clude that we have nothing to blame but our own negligence for 
this high mortality rate. Steps should be taken to remedy this 
condition, and to reduce this high figure. A county organization 
for systematic health service would be an excellent plan for Lan¬ 
caster County to adopt—since such units have proven themselves 
to be greatly beneficial in the eradication and prevention of disease 
in other places. The need for health education is a fundamental 
one among the people of Lancaster County. Such instruction can 
easily be given by the doctors and nurses who would compose 
such an organization as is proposed. We might learn much from 
our sister counties in North Carolina as regards this plan, for they 
have long had it in operation. Why should not Lancaster County 



Facts About the Folks 


41 


have the benefits of such service? Life and health mean as much 
to us as to any people, and they can be ours in fuller measure if 
we but do our part toward acquiring them. 

Lancaster County ranks higher in the matter of our birth rate— 
we being the 18th county in the State in this respect. Our birth 
rate is 30.4 births per one thousand of population, better than the 
State rate of 29.4 per thousand. The total number of births in 
Lancaster County during the year 1921 was 884. There seems to be 
little danger of “race suicide” in our county, but we should re¬ 
member our duty to give every possible advantage of life and 
health to the helpless new inhabitants. Otherwise we need not 
be surprised if they fail to grow up to be efficient citizens of 
Lancaster. 

These facts prove that the health problem of Lancaster County 
is one of primary importance. No matter what wealth one may 
accumulate; no matter what blessings of mental and spiritual en¬ 
dowments he may be able to give his children; these things, so 
excellent and worth while, can never be used and enjoyed with¬ 
out the possession of good health. A sound mind is a great heri¬ 
tage—but “a sound mind in a sound body” is infinitely better. 
For the mind must express itself always through the body. The 
public conscience must be aroused to the great necessity for 
organized efforts towards caring for the sick, improving sanitary 
conditions, and preventing disease and death. These things are 
imperative, if ever we are to make Lancaster County safe for 
health and happiness. 


Church Membership 

Lancaster County ranks 19th in church membership among the 
counties of the State. There are 18,401 church members in the 
county, and this number includes only those above ten years of 
age. This is an average of 72 per cent—only two per cent less 
than the State. The 1916 report of Religious Bodies from the United 
States Bureau of the Census gives the following figures for the 
different denominations represented in our county: White people— 
Baptists, 4,269; Methodists, 2,232; Presbyterians, 523; Episcopalians, 
20; miscellaneous bodies, 380. The colored population is numbered 
among the churches as follows: Baptists, 2,301; Methodists, 4,291; 
Presbyterians, 85. 

Although we have reason to be proud of our high standing in 
this important matter, yet there is still room for improvement. 
For there are 10,277 Lancastrians not connected with any religious 
body, many of these being adults. 



42 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


Tables 

Notwithstanding the fact that we realize the force of the old 
truism that “comparisons are odious,” yet we are giving the fol¬ 
lowing comparative tables. They show us the relative standing of 
Lancaster County in certain very important particulars; and a 
careful study of them should provoke much earnest thought as to 


ways and means of improving our present conditions. 

Lancaster County ranks: 

26th—in total population . 28,628 

Charleston is first with 108,450; Jasper is last with 9,- 
869. The State population is 1,683,724. 

16th—in density of rural population, per square mile. 49.7 

Spartanburg first with 93.6; Jasper is last with 16.6. 

20th—in density of total population, per square mile. 55.6 

Spartanburg first with 123.2; Jasper last with 18. The 
State average is 56.1. 

10th—in percentage of white population. 54.3 


Pickens is first with 82.6 per cent; Beaufort is last 
with 21.6 per cent. The State percentage is 48.6. 

10th—in the smallness of the per cent of the total popula¬ 
tion being negro . 45.7 

Pickens is first with 17.4 per cent; Beaufort is last 
with 78.4 per cent. The State percentage is 51.4 per 
cent. 

25th—in the percentage increase of white population between 

1910 and 1920 . 15.1 

Florence is first with 66.2 per cent; seven counties 
failed to show any. The State increase is 20.5 per 
cent. (Our negro population decreased .04 per cent.) 

19th—in the percentage of negro decrease in ratio of the 


total population .. 3.6 

Greenwood is first with 9.4 per cent; in four counties 
there was increase. The State percentage was 3.9. 

17th—in total illiteracy over ten years of age, percentage.. .. 17.8 


Pickens ranks first with only 10.7 per cent; Berkeley 
ranks last with 38.4 per cent. The State percentage 
is 18.1. 

35th—in white illiteracy over ten years of age, percentage 8.1 
Charleston ranks first with 1.5 per cent; Chesterfield 
ranks last with 13.3 per cent. The State percentage is 
6.5. 









Facts About the Folks 


43 


36th—in male white illiteracy over 21 years of age, percentage 10.6 
Charleston ranks first with 1.7 per cent; Chesterfield 
ranks last with 17.3 per cent. The State percentage 
is 8.7. 

37th—in female white illiteracy over 21" -years of age, per¬ 
centage . 10.9 

Calhoun ranks first with 1.7 per cent; Chesterfield 
ranks last with 18 per cent. The State percentage 
is 8.2. 

18th—in birth rate per 1,000. 30.4 


This was a total of 884 births in 1921. Horry ranks 
first with 1,418, or 42.8 per 1,000; Saluda ranks last 
with 429, or 19.3 per 1,000. The State rate was 29.4 
per 1,000. 

20th—in death rate per 1,000 in 1921 . 11.0 

This was a total of 319 deaths in 1921. Saluda takes 
first place with 150 deaths, or 6.7 per 1,000; Anderson 
ranks last with 852 deaths, or 19.6 per 1,000. The State 
rate was 11.9 per 1,000. 


19th—in church membership (1919) over 10 years.72 per cent. 

Barnwell was first with 114 per cent; Colleton was last 
with 54 per cent. The State percentage was 73. 

Population figures for Lancaster County since 1790: 

1790 . 6,302 

1800 ... 6,012 

1810 . 6,318 

1820 . 8,716 

1830 . 10,316 

1840 . 9,907 

1850 . 10,998 

1860 . 11,797 

1870 . 12,087 

1880 . 16,903 

1890 . 20,761 

1900 . 24,311 

1910 . 26,650 

1920 .. 28,628 




















44 


Lancaster County, Economic and Sociae 


V 

WEALTH AND TAXATION 

CARL W. McMURRAY 

Total Wealth 

According to the 1920 report of the State Tax Commission, the 
assessed value of the total taxable property of Lancaster County 
was $5,676,585, of which $2,835,075 was personal property and $2,- 
841,510 was real property. 

From the report of the Comptroller-General, we find the assessed 
value of the total taxable property of Lancaster County for 1910 
was $3,331,660, of which $1,175,275 was personal property and $2,- 
156,385 was real property. 

The assessed value of property in our State is estimated by the 
State Tax Commission as amounting to 42 per cent of the actual 
value. Accepting this estimate as correct, we find the actual 
value of the total taxable property was $13,515,600 in 1920, and 
$7,932,524 in 1910. 

The per capita wealth of Lancaster County for 1920 was $472, 
ranking 38th among the counties. In 1910, the per capita wealth 
of the county was $398. An increase of approximately 70 per cent 
is to be noted for the past ten years. In terms of the assessed 
value, this increase amounts to $2,344,925; and in terms of actual 
value, $5,583,076, ranking 13th among the counties of the State. 
It is interesting to note that of the $2,344,925 increase of the 
assessed value, $1,659,800, or 71 per cent was personal property 
and $685,125 or 29 per cent, was real property—making the in¬ 
crease in personal property $974,775, or) 59 per cent greater than 
the increase in real property. 


Agricultural Wealth 

The value of all farm property in Lancaster County, according 
to the 1920 census report, was $14,465,609, making us rank 30th 
among the counties of the State in this respect. In 1910, the 
value of all farm property was $6,609,999. From these figures we 
note an increase of 119 per cent during the ten years. Lancaster 
County ranked 26th among the counties of the State in the per¬ 
centage of increase. The average increase for the State was 143 
per cent, and we can readily see that we fell considerably below 
the average in this regard. 



Wealth and Taxation 


45 


Farm Mortgages 

In 1910, there were 3,749 farms in Lancaster County, of which 
233, or 6.2 per cent, were under mortgage, ranking 18th among the 
counties in the percentage of farms mortgaged. 

3,622 of these farms were owned by white farmers, and 207, or 
the 5.7 per cent of the white owned farms were under mortgage. 

Negro farmers owned 127 farms; and 31, or 24.4 per cent, were 
mortgaged. 

The 1920 census shows that there were 3,724 farms in the county 
in that year, ranking 29th among the counties in this item. Of 
the total number of farms, there were 231, or 6.2 per cent, under 
mortgage. 149, or 4 per cent of the total number of farms, were 
owned by negroes. 

In 1920 the value of all mortgaged farm lands and buildings in 
the county was $1,128,260. The total amount of mortgage debt was 
$316,303, or 28 per cent of the total value of mortgaged farm 
lands and buildings. 

Mortgage debt may or may not be a bad thing. But a mortgage 
should not be given unless the money derived from the mortgage 
is to be converted into more land or better farming equipment. 
Under some circumstances a man may be commended for mort¬ 
gaging land to educate his children, but under no circumstances 
is it justifiable to mortgage land for the purchase of pleasure 
automobiles. Mortgage debt should always represent development 
and expansion. 


Automobiles 

Lancaster County in 1920, with 1,186 automobiles, ranked 29th 
among the counties in this respect. There was one automobile 
for every 24.1 persons in the county. The average for the State 
was one automobile for every 18 persons. Our county ranked 
37th among the counties of the State in the number of persons 
per automobile. 

To estimate the wealth of a county by the number of automobiles 
is an unreliable method. A county may be expending her wealth 
for the purchase of automobiles and neglecting her institutions 
which are far more important to the growth and well-being of the 
county. While Lancaster County ranks below the average in 
expenditure for automobiles, she is even then spending far more 
for automobiles than for many things more important. 

A conservative estimate as to the average price per automobile . 
in 1920 was $1,100. With that as an average price, Lancaster 



46 


Lancaster County, Economic and Sociae 


County, with her 1,186 automobiles, in 1920 had thus invested $1,- 
304,600. 

Based on the one-eighth of a cent per gallon inspection tax on 
gasoline, we used 520,891 gallons during 1920. Using 25 cents a 
gallon as the average price during that year, we consumed $130,- 
222.75 worth of gasoline. Rating the average number of miles per 
gallon as 13, there were 6,771,583 miles traveled in 1920. A con¬ 
servative estimate of the operating expenses of a car is ten cents 
a mile. This would include gasoline, tires, repairs and depreciation. 
This indicates $677,158.30 as the approximate cost of operation— 
a cost of $570.95 per car, or $1.56 per day per car. During the 
year 1920, Lancaster County citizens purchased 244 new cars. 
Combining the cost of new cars during 1920 with the total cost 
of operation during the same year, we get a total expenditure of 
$945,558 for automobiles. Lancaster County has a population of 
28,628, and in 1920 the per capita expenditure was $33.00 for 
automobiles. 

In this connection, let us note some very startling comparisons: 
the value of all of the school property in the county in 1920 was 
$306,583, or only 24 per cent of the value of automobiles in the 
county. The total expenditure for operating the schools in the 
county in 1920 was $73,715.78, or only 7.8 per cent of the ex¬ 
penditure for automobiles during the same year. The value of 
the cotton crop in 1920 was $1,670,400, and the expenditure for 
automobiles was 56 per cent of this value. The capital stock of 
all our banks was $200,000 in 1920, while our expenditure for auto¬ 
mobiles was more than four times as much. 

These figures show us that we are spending too much for auto¬ 
mobiles. It is all right to spend money for automobiles, provided 
we get sufficient returns on the investment. But for a people 
to go automobile crazy is a dangerous thing for the economic well¬ 
being of our county. Let us be sane in this matter. Laying 
aside extravagance, let us spend our money for things that will 
advance our county and our citizenship. 


Textile Mills 

Lancaster County stands among the distinguished counties in 
cotton manufacturing. Lancaster has the largest textile mill under 
one roof in the world, and in this fact we are justly proud. Our 
textile mills, with a combined capital stock of $3,344,750, give us 
the rank of 16th among the counties in capital thus invested. 
Our county ranks 12th in the value of the annual product, with 



Wealth and Taxation 


47 


$8,723,906. These figures bring us to a realization of the fact that 
we are no longer purely an agricultural county. The value of our 
non-food crops in 1920 was only 59 per cent of the value of our 
annual textile product. This comparison gives us the satisfaction 
of knowing that our county is not lagging in the matter of cotton 
manufacturing, but it ought to also stir us to greater effort. Our 
past progress should be an incentive to present and future en¬ 
deavor. 


Banks and Banking Resources 

In December 1922, Lancaster County had six banks, all of which 
are State banks. We have no national banks at the present time. 
At the close of business December 29, 1922, the total resources of 
these banks were $2,952,038.09. In 1914 we had six banks, one 
national and five State banks, with total banking resources of $1,- 
372,210.07. These figures indicate an increase of 115 per cent in 
our banking resources during eight years, or a per capita increase 
from $51.49 in 1914 to $103.12 in 1922. 

The following figures show the condition of our banks at the 


close of the year 1922: 

Number of banks . 6 

Population per bank . 4,771 

Total resources .$ 2,952,038.09 

Per capita resources. 103.12 

Total capital stock. 263,000.00 

Loans and discounts . 1,762,069.05 

Savings deposits . 546,398.91 

Surplus fund . 230,500.00 


For the 1922 figures, we are unable to give the rank of Lan¬ 
caster County among the other counties of the State. Therefore, 
we submit the figures for 1919 showing the rank, as follows: 

Rank 

23d in total resources .• $ 3,614,301.00 

26th in per capita resources . 126.00 

37th in total capital stock . 200,000.00 

34th in loans and discounts . 1,575,991.00 

27th in savings deposits . 324,148.00 

23d in surplus fund . 162,599.00 

Comparing the figures of 1919 with those of 1922, we find the 
total resources to have decreased by 16 per cent. The capital stock 

















48 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


was increased by 21.5 per cent. The loans and discounts increased 
by 11.8 per cent. The savings deposits increased by 60.8 per cent. 
The surplus fund increased by 41.6 per cent. 


Liberty Loans 

Lancaster County’s total quota of all the Liberty Bond drives, 
exclusive of the first, was $1,211,250, and 4,757 people made sub¬ 
scriptions. The county ranked 27th in the percentage of the quota 
subscribed, with 90.7 per cent. 

The figures for the first Liberty Loan drive in June, 1917, are 
not available to the author of this survey. 

The second Liberty Loan drive of October, 1917, was oversub¬ 
scribed in Lancaster County by 2.8 per cent. With an allotment 
of $216,100, the county subscribed $222,300. This represented the 
subscriptions of 250 persons. 

The third Liberty Loan drive in April, 1918, was oversubscribed 
by $850. The quota was $191,600, and $192,450 was subscribed. 
982 individuals made the subscription. 

The quota for the county for the fourth Liberty Loan drive of 
September and October, 1918, was $500,000. This quota was over¬ 
subscribed by $750. The amount subscribed was $500,750. Three 
thousand and seventy-nine people subscribed to this loan. 

The fifth or Victory Loan of April, 1919, resulted in the failure of 
the county to reach its quota. This failure may be attributed to 
lack of interest at this post-afmistice period. The quota for Lan¬ 
caster County was $303,550, and the amount subscribed was only 
$183,700. Only 446 people bought bonds of the Victory Loan. 


Railroads 

Lancaster County is served by three railroads. The Seaboard 
Air Line from Washington to Atlanta serves the upper section 
of the county, with stations at Van Wyck and Osceola. A branch 
of the Southern connects the county with Rock Hill and Columbia. 
The Lancaster & Chester Railway with a schedule of two trains a 
day each way, connects with the main lines of the Southern and 
Seaboard at Chester. Lancaster County has a total of 43.65 miles 
of main track. The total value of all railroad property in Lan¬ 
caster County is $350,352. 




Wealth And Taxation 


49 


Roads 

There are approximately 600 miles of public roads in Lancaster 
County, of which 60.8 miles are State roads. State roads consist 
of a north and south road, and an east and west road, intersecting 
at Lancaster, the county seat. The State road system provides 
direct connection with each adjoining county, and also with an 
outlet to points in North Carolina. 

The county has completed the main north and south highway the 
entire distance from the Kershaw County line to the North Caro¬ 
lina line, a distance of 39.9 miles. The section of road north of 
Lancaster was constructed as a Federal Aid Project by county 
forces, and the section south of Lancaster was constructed by the 
county forces without the assistance of Federal Aid. 

At the present time there is no work in, progress on the State, 
roads as there are no funds available for road construction. The 
county spends an average of $60,000 annually for both construction 
and maintenance. Our county has never had a road bond issue. 
Road activities are under the supervision of the Board of County 
Commissioners. 

Traffic over the State roads averages between 200 and 500 ve¬ 
hicles per day on the north and south road through Lancaster, and 
from 75 to 150 vehicles per day on the east and west road. The 
latter road is unimproved and the traffic is mostly of a local nature. 
The north and south road carries a fairly heavy interstate traffic 
in addition to local travel. With the completion of the State 
Highway System and the establishment of definite (routes of 
travel, a pronounced increase in travel may be expected on the 
east and west road through the county which forms a link in the 
newly christened Calhoun Highway. This highway is claimed to 
be the shortest route from points in North Carolina to Atlanta and 
no doubt will receive its share of interstate traffic. The north 
and south highway should continue to carry a fairly heavy tourist 
travel. .It will be one of the main routes to Charleston when the 
bridge over the Santee River is thrown open to traffic. 

There are two inter-county bridges which should be constructed; 
one over the Catawba River between Lancaster and Chester 
counties, and one over Lynches between Lancaster and Chester¬ 
field counties. 

We should have more roads of topsoil surfacing. A good grade 
of topsoil is obtainable in most sections of the county, though in 
some places it has to be hauled a .long distance. At the present 
time, we have only 39.9 miles of improved soft surface roads. 

Good roads are essential to progress, and our State is beginning 


4 


50 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


to wake up to that fact. Money wisely spent on roads is not 
wasted, but is the best investment that any people can make. 
Good roads bring our country and city population together, im¬ 
proving trade conditions in the towns, and at the same time, en¬ 
abling the farmer to market to better advantage. With bad roads, 
traffic is congested, transportation is expensive, and the people 
suffer. We need good roads in Lancaster County. Let’s get busy 
and have better roads. 


Taxation 

The total taxable wealth of Lancaster County in 1921 was $13,- 
568,570, while the total taxable wealth in 1920 was $13,511,472. 

.The increase in taxable wealth from 1910 to 1920 was 70 per cent. 
Only twelve other counties outranked us in this ten-year increase. 

In 1921, Lancaster County ranked eighth among the counties of 
the State in her general levy, State, county and school, with 27.75 
mills. All except two of our school districts have levied special 
taxes for schools. The average levy for the county, not including 
principal town districts, was 34.25 mills, ranking 15th among the 
counties of the State in this respect. 

The present tax system is the only one that can be used under 
the constitution of 1895, and, though only 27 years old, has already 
proven itself inadequate to provide for the needs of a fast growing 
society. The law requires that all property, real, personal, posses¬ 
sory be listed and returned, assessed and taxed at its actual value. 
That this provision is not practiced is well known by everybody 
in the State. And the State Tax Commission in 1915 found it 
necessary to recognize this fact officially and openly to proceed 
with equalization of assessments on a 42 per cent basis. 

It is the belief of many of our citizens that when taxes become 
a burden to the subjects of the State, in most instances, the taxing 
system is wrong. Taxation has truly become a burden in our State. 
And why is this so? It is simply due to the fact that the burden 
has not been equalized. It cannot be equalized under the present 
State law. 

We must agree that taxation is a State-wide problem, and its 
solution will be State-wide, and not confined to any one county. 
But it will be interesting to note some of the conditions that have 
arisen in our county by reason of the general property tax. For 
example, in 1920, the United States Census valued land in Lan¬ 
caster County at $36.34 per acre; while the assessed value of an 
acre of land was only $5.41. To any thoughtful person this com- 



Wealth and Taxation 


51 


parison is perfectly absurd. Besides this, there are thousands of 
dollars worth of intangible property that are not on our tax 
books at all. Yet we wonder why we have such high tax rates 
and still not raise sufficient revenue to meet the increased demands 
of government. 

The landowners and corporations bear the burden of taxation 
simply because men whose wealth is composed of personal prop¬ 
erty can keep it off the tax books and landowners and corpora¬ 
tions cannot. The present tax law in the State makes such a state 
of affairs possible. The tax system in South Carolina must be 
rebuilt from the foundation up, and must provide separate systems 
for the taxation of tangible and intangible property. 

The remodeling of the tax laws, including the constitutional 
provisions, would not now be a baffling or disconcerting task. 
The experience of dozens of states is now conveniently at hand. 
If a constitutional convention were called, a committee could re¬ 
port amendments to the existing constitution that would eliminate 
from it the clause that now bars progress in taxation, and offer 
new methods that would at the same time increase revenue and 
lessen burdens where they now bear too heavily. A similar result 
would be secured by the passage of a resolution in the General 
Assembly submitting such a constitutional amendment to the 
people of the State for ratification. 


Facts About Wealth and Taxation in Lancaster County 

Rank 

30th—in total farm wealth, 1920 census .$14,465,609.00 

Anderson ranks first with $61,635,823; Jasper 
ranks last with $4,255,029. Total farm wealth 
of State $953,064,742. 

38th—in per capita crop value, 1920 (based on eleven 

leading crops) . 101.33 

Calhoun ranks first with $234.01; Charleston 
ranks last with $25.37. 

44th—in value of crop per acre, 1920 (based on eleven 


leading crops) . 27.00 

Beaufort first with $72.00; York ranks last with 
$27.00. 

31st—in value of non-food crops, 1920 . 5,187,657.00, 


Orangeburg ranks first with $18,216,362; Jasper 
ranks last with $471,371. 






52 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


31st—in total taxable property, 1920 (actual value)... .$13,515,600.00 
Charleston ranks first with $89,464,800; Allendale 
last with $7,802,500. 

13th—in percentage increase in total taxable property, 

1910-1920 . 70.38 


Florence ranks first with 123.72 per cent; Barn¬ 
well last with a loss of 27.7 per cent. Average 
for the State was 60.22 per cent. 

38th—in per capita taxable wealth, 1920. 

Richland ranks first with $891; Horry ranks last 
with $354. 

15th—in average property tax rate, 1920 (mills). 

Dillon ranks first with 49.25; Fairfield ranks last 
with 28. Average for State 37.6. 

8th—in tax rate per $100 assessed valuation for tax 

year, 1920 . 

Pickens ranks first with $4; Beaufort ranks last 
with $2. 

29th—in percentage that mortgaged farms are of total 

number of farms, 1920 . 

Total number of farms, 3,724; number of farms 
mortgaged, 231. Oconee ranks first with 14.7 
per cent. Total number of farms, 3,876; number 
of farms mortgaged, 584. Marlboro ranks last 
with 2.6 per cent. Total 'number of farms, 4,307; 
number farms mortgaged, 111. 

29th—in number of automobiles, 1920. 

Greenville ranks first with 6,726; Jasper last with 
228. Total number for State, 93,843. 

33d — in number inhabitants per automobile, 1921.... 
Greenville ranks first with 11.8; Berkeley last 
with 60.3. Average for the State 18.6. 

37th—in number inhabitants per automobile, 1920.... 
Marlboro first with 12.3; Berkeley last with 59.8. 
Average for State 18. 

39th—in number inhabitants per bank, 1920. 

Number banks, 6; population, 28,628. Hampton 
ranks first with 2,172; Jasper last with 9,868. 
Average for State, 3,644. Number of banks, 478; 
population, 1,683,724. 

.26th—in per capita resources, 1919. 

Richland ranks first with $453; Berkeley last 
with $7.00. Average for the State, $149.26. 


472.00 

38.75 

3.23 

6.2 


1,186 

24 

24.1 

4,771 

126.00 











Wealth and Taxation 


53 


15th—in per capita bank capital, 1919. 

Richland ranks first with $29; Berkeley ranks 
last with 65 cents. State average, $11.77. 

23d — in total banking resources, 1919. 

Charleston first with $48,792,245; Berkeley ranks 
last with $151,628. 

37th—in total capital stock in banks, 1919. 

Charleston ranks first with $2,500,000; Berkeley 
ranks last with $15,000. 

36th—in per capita loans and discounts, 1919. 

Richland ranks first with $232; Berkeley ranks 
last with $5. 

34th—in total loans and discounts, 1919. 

Charleston first with $24,766,630; Jasper last 
with $94,655. 

26th—in percentage increase in per capita banking re¬ 
sources, 1914-1919 . 

Saluda ranks first with 469 per cent; Berkeley 
last with 75 per cent. 

27th—in savings deposits, 1919. 

25th—in savings per capita, 1919. 


7.00 

3,614,301.00 

200,000.00 

55.00 

1,575,991.00 

145 

324,148.00 

11.00 










54 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


VI 

SCHOOLS 

CARL W. McMURRAY 

The purpose of this chapter is to unfold the picture of our 
schools as they are, and to set a goal for attainment in the future. 
There is nothing so inspiring as to set a goal and try to reach it. 
On the other hand there is nothing that predicts so great a failure 
as to have no goal for which to strive to gain. It is hoped that the 
facts recorded in this chapter will inspire the people of Lancaster 
County to adopt the standard of the maximum as the guide and 
rule in educational endeavor. 


Teachers 

The teacher is the foremost factor in our educational system, and 
should claim the first place in the minds of those who would give 
heed to the promotion of the cause of education. While suitable 
buildings with adequate equipment are necessary constituents to a 
real school, these are practically of no avail without the vitalizing 
touch of a real teacher. Teachers who breath life and spirit into 
the school become absorbed in' the work and put forth their best 
efforts to make the school what it should be. But these teachers 
cannot be secured on the small salaries that they have been offered. 
It is a fundamental principle of economics that the best teachers 
will go where the best salaries are offered, or quit teaching to 
follow a more remunerative profession. At the present time, our 
teachers are paid barely* a living salary during the school term and 
then during the summer vacation they are forced to seek other 
employment as a matter of necessity. After eight or nine months 
of patient toil that saps the strength and wastes the nerves of these 
faithful servants, it is a shame and disgrace that we do not provide 
them with shelter and livelihood during the vacation. They should 
be paid sufficient salary during the vacation to permit them to 
attend a few weeks at summer school, which is so necessary to 
efficiency in the profession; furthermore, they need a rest to re¬ 
store their shattered nerves and their exhausted strength. 

In 1921, Lancaster County ranked 16th in the average annual 
salary paid our white women teachers, which was $742.41; the 
average annual salary paid our white men teachers was $1,098.12, 



Schools 


55 


ranking 29th among the counties of the State. The average an¬ 
nual salary for both sexes was $800.43, and these low figures are 
even higher than the average for the State, which was $773.33. In 
the average annual salary for both sexes, Charleston ranks first 
in the State with $1,193.22, and Berkeley ranks last with $479.19. 

The figures here given for 1921 show a high water mark in 
teachers’ salaries. The increase in average annual salary for white 
men from 1911 to 1921 was 188.7 per cent; the increase over the 
same period for white women was 218.3 per cent. From 1921 to 
1922 there was a decrease of 13.7 per cent in average annual 
salary paid white men teachers; and the decrease for white women 
teachers was 11.7 per cent. 

While the 1921 figures show a marked gain over the 1911 figures, 
the salaries for 1922 show a decided decrease from the 1921 salaries. 
At no time do the salaries equal those of employees engaged in 
vocations which require preparation less than that of a teacher. 

In 1921, Lancaster County employed 23 white men teachers, and 
118 white women teachers; a total of 141 white teachers, whose 
combined salaries amounted to $112,860.63. 

Cheap teachers are expensive—extravagantly expensive. They 
may not cost more directly, but they do cost childhood, manhood 
and womanhood. As long as we employ cheap teachers we may 
expect cheap service. But when we begin paying our teachers 
salaries that compare favorably with those paid in other pro¬ 
fessions, we may expect, and will receive, a higher grade of effi¬ 
ciency in the service rendered. 


Attendance 

The problem of attendance must be solved before, our schools 
can do themselves justice. We have the compulsory attendance 
law, but it does not seem to be living up fully to its possibilities. 
In 1922, it required $161,420.65 to run the schools of Lancaster 
County. Every time the roll was called in Lancaster County 
schools in 1921-22, 26 out of every hundred pupils were absent. 
From these facts, we find that a loss of $41,969.35 was sustained 
on account of poor attendance. The fact that the average daily 
attendance is 26 per cent less than the total enrollment of our 
schools should stir us to take immediate steps to remedy this 
condition. The existing evil could probably be corrected by show¬ 
ing the parents what the children lose when they are out of school, 
and by a strict enforcement of the compulsory attendance law. 



56 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


When the people of the county realize that it is an economic as 
well as a social advantage to see that the children are in regular 
attendance we believe things will improve in this regard. The 
overhead expenses continue just the same whether the children go 
to school or not. It would seem that the money people invest in 
schools is the only money from which they do not wish to get full 
benefit. 

It is hoped that the parents of the children of our county will 
heed this appeal and send their children to school every day as 
long as the school is in session. The greatest injustice you can 
inflict upon your child is to fail in the duty of keeping your child 
in school, and your failure in this respect will cripple your child 
and make life’s labor harder and less fruitful. 

In 1912, there were 7,037 pupils enrolled in the schools of Lan¬ 
caster County. By 1922 the enrollment had increased to 9,530. 
This was an increase of 35.4 per cent for the ten-year 1 period. The 
average attendance for the same period shows an increase of 46.5 
per cent. In 1912, the average attendance was 67.7 per cent of 
the total enrollment; in 1922 we find 72.3 per cent of the total 
enrollment in average attendance. 

While we are glad to note during the past decade the average 
attendance has increased, yet we cannot be satisfied so long as 
the average attendance is only 74 per cent of the total enrollment. 
Those who are not in regular attendance are losing, their class¬ 
mates are losing and the county is losing. They are *losing be¬ 
cause they are missing valuable instruction; their classmates are 
losing because they have to go slower in order to allow those who 
are absent frequently to keep up; the county loses because the 
expense of running the school continues regardless of whether the 
pupils are there or not. Lancaster County should have as nearly 
100 per cent regular attendance as is possible, and it is the duty 
of every loyal citizen of the county who is interested in the prog¬ 
ress of the county to see that we attain that mark. 


Consolidation 

It is an undisputed fact that our rural schools have not kept 
pace with the rapid improvements that have been made in the 
commercial, industrial, and professional occupations of our peo¬ 
ple. When this country was sparsely populated it was necessary 
for the schools to be carried to the pupils, and this naturally re¬ 
sulted in a large number of small one-teacher schools. But with 
the increase in population, better county roads and more suitable 



Schools 


57 


methods of transportation, the one-teacher school is no longer 
justifiable and should have little place in our educational system. 
As we are faced with the problem of better schools, naturally we 
realize that it means more money. But a question of almost equal 
importance with securing the money is the problem of spending 
it wisely. By the wise expenditure of money we necessarily mean 
the way of securing the highest degree of efficiency possible from 
the amount invested. The solution of the problem can best be 
solved by the already successful plan of consolidation. 

The fact that 40 per cent of the white schools in South Carolina 
are one-teacher schools gives us an idea as to the state of affairs. 
According to the 1921 report of the State Superintendent of 
Education, out of a total of 2,305 white schools in South Carolina 
915 were one-teacher schools, 620 were two-teacher schools, and 
324 were three-teacher schools. Expressed in percentage figures, 
approximately 40 per cent of our white schools employ one 
teacher; 27 per cent have two teachers; and 14 per cent have three 
teachers. 

The situation in Lancaster County is somewhat better than the 
average for the State. In 1921, there were 47 white schools in Lan¬ 
caster County. Of this number there were 11 one-teacher schools; 
13 two-teacher schools; 16 three-teacher schools; and 7 schools 
with more than three teachers. Expressed in percentage figures, 
approximately 24 per cent of our white schools ar'e one-teacher 
schools; 28 per cent two-teacher schools; 34 per cent are three- 
teacher schools; and 14 per cent have more than three teachers. 

Among the counties of the State, Dillon County stands first 
in this respect, with only 4 per cent of its schools one-teacher 
affairs. Georgetown stands at the bottom of the list with 76 per 
cent of her white schools employing only one teacher. 

Real consolidation of schools implies more than eradication of 
one-teacher schools. It means providing for a good graded school 
education and high school facilities for every one. The fact that 
a child happens to be born in the country should be no reason 
why he is not provided with as good an education as the child in 
the city. His rights are of equal importance with those of the 
urban child, and it is the duty of the State to provide the country 
boy and girl with superior educational facilities. This duty be¬ 
comes more imperative in a state like South Carolina where 82.5 
per cent of our population is rural, and where approximately 74 
out of every hundred of our people live on the farm. 

The most practical solution of the country school situation lies 
in the consolidated school. The advantages of consolidation are 


58 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


self-evident. It affords better teachers and better teaching facilities, 
providing high school training for a larger number of rural chil¬ 
dren. It gives the children a wider circle of acquaintance and 
a broader, fuller, richer life; in addition to that, the child receives 
from two to five times more of the teacher’s time and attention than 
could be expected in a one-teacher school. There are also a num¬ 
ber of advantages to the community: the consolidated school be¬ 
comes a community center; the school library becomes available 
to the entire district; it attracts the best type of citizenship to the 
district. 

The most practical solution of the country school situation lies 
in the consolidated school. Consolidation is no longer in an 
experimental stage; it is a proved success. There are many suc¬ 
cessful consolidated schools in our country operating under all 
kinds of unfavorable and favorable' circumstances. The idea is 
gaining in our State, but we are not making the progress in propor¬ 
tion to our ability and need. Our resources are ample to provide 
good schools for all our children. If constitutional restrictions 
limiting amounts of revenue are in the way of adequate State 
appropriations and equalizing funds, we should remove them and 
not only offer, but require every boy and girl to have a good 
grammar school education; and place within easy reach of all 
good high school facilities. 


Index Figures 

There are few, if any, governmental activities for which so many 
significant facts have been gathered, by uniform methods, over 
so long a period of time as has been done in the matter of edu¬ 
cation. A comprehensive method of indicating school conditions 
and tendencies has been worked out by the Department of Edu¬ 
cation of the Russell Sage Foundation by means of index num¬ 
bers, which is a well-established statistical device commonly used 
for measuring changes in wholesale and retail prices, and rates of 
wages over long periods of time, and which lends itself readily in 
denoting changes, conditions and cost of education over a period 
of time. 

The ten sets of educational data that have been considered, as 
set out in the accompanying table, are unusually adapted for in¬ 
clusion in an index number. Increases in them reflect improved 
educational conditions and decreases reflect worse conditions. 

South Carolina has the disgrace of being at the bottom of the 
list of States in the matter of education with an index number 



Schools 


59 


of 29.39. Montana has the honor of having the best system of 
public schools in the United States with an index number of 75.59. 
It is to our shame that the index number for South Carolina is 
two and one-half times less than that of Montana. In 1910, there 
were 276,980 illiterates in South Carolina, or approximately 25 
per cent; in 1920 in South Carolina 18 per cent of the people were 
illiterate. Negro majority cannot be given as the sole cause of 
South Carolina’s position in this respect, though this fact does 
materially influence it. We are backward in our white education 
as well. 

Lancaster County ranks slightly above the average for the State 
with an index figure of 38.57 for the white schools in 1920. Were 
the average for the State equal to that of Lancaster County’s white 
schools, South Carolina would rank 40th instead of 42d in the list 
of States. 

For both white and negro schools for the same year, our county 
has an index number of 30.06, which barely raises us above the 
State average, which is 29.39. Do not these figures speak for them¬ 
selves to our disgrace? 


Index Figures For Lancaster County Schools—1910 and 1920 



1910 

1910 

1920 

1920 

1910 

1920 






White & 

White & 


White 

Colored 

White 

Colored 

Colored 

Colored 

1. Per Cent of School 
Population Attending 
School Daily . 





1 


43.2 

54.4 

| 

73.54 

59.84 

44.2 

66.88 

2. Average Days Attend¬ 





ance Each Child of 
School Agp . 

22.7 

13.6 

46.96 

16.06 

18.2 

32.45 

3. Average Number Days 





Schools are Kept 
Open . 

52.5 

30.0 

64.00 

28.50 

42.25 

45.49 

4. Per Cent High School 







Attendance was of 
Total Attendance . . . 

* 6.86 

* 6.86 

18.48 


* 6.86 

10.44 

5. Per Cent that Boys 







were of Girls in 

TTitrh Schools 

*73.4 

*73.4 

60.25 


*73.4 

60.25 

6. Average Expenditure 




per Child in Average 
Attendance . 

9.91 

1.98 

23.14 

2.50 

6.25 

14.19 

7. Average Expenditure 







per Child of School 

4.29 

1 .90 

17.00 

1.49 

2.76 

9.49 

# . 

8. Average Expenditure 

per Teacher Employ’d 

9. Expenditure per Child 

12.64 

3.04 

28.47 

5.69 

8.65 

21.80 

for Purposes Other 
Than Salaries . 

1.18 

.06 

13.00 

.22 

.66 

7.46 

10. Expenditure per 
Teacher for Salaries. . 

23.76 

5.99 

40.94 

10.87 

16.37 

32.15 

Index Figure for Lancas- 
r'nnntv. 

25.01 

18.12 

38.57 

12.40 

21.96 

30.06 

State Index . 





24.87 

29.39 


* State figures. County figures not available. 






























100 


90 


INDEX 


60 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 



A GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF THE. 
CONDITION OE 

LANCASTER COUNTY SCtf OOLS 


36 .57 


LANCASTER 

COUNTY 

WHITE 

SCHOOLS 


30 . Ofe 



LANCASTER 

COUNTY 



23 39 



SOUTH 

CAROLINA 



RANK OF LANCASTER COUNTY’S SCHOOLS 


Negro Schools 

We have two distinct systems of schools; one for the whites and 
one for the negroes. While We are pleading for better white 
schools, let us not neglect the negro schools. In 1912, there was 
expended for the education of negroes in Lancaster County $8,- 
713.48; this amount was increased to $11,430.69 in 1922. This ten- 
year increase amounted to $2,717.12, or 31 per cent. 

It is interesting to note that while negro pupils constitute ap¬ 
proximately 45 per cent o<f the total enrollment in our schools, 
the negro population in our county is approximately 45 per cent 
of the total population. 

In 1912, the enrollment in our negro schools was 3,558. The 
average attendance for the same year was 2,378, or 67 per cent 



























Schools 


61 


of the total enrollment. There were 4,285 negro pupils enrolled 
in 1922. In the same year the average attendance was 3.271, or 
76 per cent of the total enrollment, ranking 8th among the counties 
of the State in this respect. We may note here that in 1912 the 
per cent of negro enrollment in regular attendance was 2 per cent 
less than the average attendance in the white schools; while in 
1922 the per cent of negro enrollment in average attendance was 
5 per cent greater than the average attendance in the white schools. 

In 1922, there were 50 schools maintained for the negroes in 
which 65 teachers were employed. Approximately 88 per cent 
of these schools were one-teacher affairs. The average length of 
session was 62 days. The per capita expenditure according to en¬ 
rollment amounted to the paltry sum of $2.67. 

Lancaster County should give the negro better educational ad¬ 
vantages; for in so doing they would improve the condition of both 
the whites and the blacks. In some respects the black and white 
races are so closely associated as to make the advantage of one 
become the well-being of the other. Let’s give them better schools. 


Ten Year Gains in Lancaster County Schools 



1912 

1922 

Per Cent 
Increase 

Total Revenues . 

$ 41,179.74 

$164,181.30 

298.7 

Total Value of School Property (white). 

101,465.00 

277,305.00 

173.3 

Total Value of School Property (negro). 

9,020.00 

24,141 00 

167.6 

Number Local Tax Districts with Spec’l Levy 

37 

43 

16.2 

NiimVw»r nf Tnwn ^rhnnls . 

7 

7 


Number Country Schools . 

100 

91 


dumber Schools t T T . 

55 

48 


Number White Teachers . .. .. 

86 

152 

76.7 

Number Negro Teachers . 

64 

65 

1.5 

Spent for Teachers’ Salaries (white). 

$ 24,770.80 

$107,918.48 

335.6 

Spent for Teachers’ Salaries (negro). 

4,336 25 

11,214.65 

158.6 

Total Expenditure for all Purposes. 

33,625.47 

161.420.65 

380. 

Average Length of Session in Days (white) . . 

96 

138 

43.7 

Total Enrollment . 

7,037 

9,530 

35.4 

Average Daily Attendance.. . 

4,776 

6,998 

46.5 

Per Cent that Average Daily Attendance is 
of Enrollment . 

67.7 

72.3 

6.7 

Average Annual Sa’aries, white male teachers 

Av’ge Annual Salaries, white women teachers 

$ 405.98 

$ 947.78 

133.4 

247.49 

656.29 

165.1 

Average Annual Salaries, negro male teachers 
Av’ge Annual Salaries, negro women teachers 

82.18 

171.91 1 

109.1 

58.62 

172.85 1 
1 

194.8 


































62 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


Rank of Lancaster County in School Matters 

Rank 1921 

35th—in per capita expenditure according to enrollment, 

whites .$ 28.68 

Charleston ranks first with $67.29; Kershaw ranks 
last with $22.62. Average for the State $39.26. 

29th—in per capita expenditure according to enrollment, 

both races. 16.42 

Charleston ranks first with $40.72; Clarendon ranks 
last with $9.53. Average for the State $21.71. 

35th—in per capita expenditure for whites according to 

average attendance . 41.06 

Charleston ranks first with $100.47; Kershaw ranks 
last with $33.46. Average for the State, $56.00. 

28th—in per capita expenditure for both races according 

to average attendance. 23.07 

Charleston ranks first with $59.14; Berkeley ranks 
last with $13.52. 

19th—in per capita investment in school property. 10.39 

Florence ranks first with $29.07; Fairfield ranks 
last with $2.77. 

18th—in number of school districts levying special tax. .. 43 

Horry ranks first with 93; Jasper last with 4. 

9th—in amount of State aid received. 55,342.96 

Spartanburg ranks first with $101,727.26; Jasper 
last with $2,399.73. 

39th—in average salaries paid white women teachers.... 742.41 
Charleston ranks first with $1,131.22; Berkeley last 
with $453.03. Average for the State, $717.98. 

29th—in average salaries paid white men teachers. 1.098.12 

Beaufort ranks first with $2,044.82; Berkeley last 
with $684.53. Average for the State $1,151.36. 

20th—in value of all school property, 1920. 297,583.00 

Greenville ranks first with $2,568,394; Jasper last 
with $38,042. 

18th—in number of local tax districts, 1920. 45 

Greenville ranks first with 97; Beaufort last with 9. 

2d —in average length of session in days for white town 

schools . 180 

Sumter ranks first with 187; Allendale last with 149. 












Schools 63 

27th—in average length of session in days for white 

country schools . 128 

Charleston ranks first with 180; Cherokee last with 
96. 

29th—in average length of session in days for white city 

and country schools combined.•>. 133 

Charleston ranks first with 180; Cherokee last with 

100 . 

17th—in total white enrollment . 5,027 

Per cent of enrollment in regular attendance, 69.52. 

23d —in total enrollment for both races. 9,409 

Per cent in regular attendance, 71.10. 

26th—in total negro enrollment . 4,382 

Per cent in regular! attendance, 72.91. 

16th—in average number of white pupils to school accord¬ 
ing to average attendance, 1919.. 50 

Charleston ranks first with 114; Jasper last with 21. 

Average for the State, 51. 

15th—in average number of negro pupils to school accord¬ 
ing to average attendance, 1919. 56 

Average for the State, 55. 

6th—in average number of white pupils to teacher ac¬ 
cording to average attendance. 25 

Anderson ranks first with 26; Fairfield last with 16. 

Average for the State, 22. 

8th—in average number of colored pupils to teacher ac¬ 
cording to average attendance . 55 

9th—in average number of white pupils to teacher ac¬ 
cording to enrollment. 36 

Pickens ranks first with 39; Fairfield last with 21. 

12th—in average number of negro pupils to teacher ac¬ 
cording to enrollment . 75 

37th—in percentage of white schools that are one-teacher 23 

Georgetown ranks first with 75.75; Dillon ranks 
last with 4. 













64 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


VII 

LANCASTER COUNTY AGRICULTURE 

E. A. BEATY 

Predominantly Agricultural 

A careful study of the table appended to this chapter should 
make every citizen of Lancaster County blush with shame at our 
low rating in agricultural progress and development. This is the 
more true in view of the fact that our interests are predominantly 
agricultural; in a very real sense we might all be called farmers I 
Yet we must face the sad fact that only two counties in the whole 
State had in 1919 a per acre crop value of less than our $27 per 
acre; while in the same year our per capita crop value of $101.33 
gave us 38th place in this respect. It only adds to the sadness of 
our plight to realize that 76 per cent of our total crops are non¬ 
food crops, in which particular we rank 21st among the counties 
of South Carolina. 

It would seem then that the farmers of Lancaster County are 
laboring under the prevalent Southern fallacy that it pays to 
raise money crops entirely; and then to purchase food from the 
Nc'rth and West. For we have seen that only 42 per cent of our 
total crops are food crops. This means, plainly enough, that year 
by year we must buy food which we should be producing at home— 
paying into other sections of the country much of the money we 
make from cotton. We ask, would it not be more profitable to 
make less money and save more, than to make more and save but 
little of it? Our wealth must be measured by what money we are 
able to keep in our county, not in what we spend to enrich other 
sections. It has been proven by government experiments that 
the man who produces a goodly proportion of food and feed crops 
is in a much better condition than the man who raises strictly non¬ 
food crops and has to buy his food and feed. It has also been 
proven that we can produce forage, corn, pork, and beef in the 
South more cheaply than these things can be produced in the West. 
Again, if we raise our own food and home necessities, we are 
saved from the “profiteering middleman”—he rejoices only in 
the increase of his own bank account, regardless of the fatal 
decrease of ours, though it reach the zero point! In view of our 
failure to realize these facts, anything which may serve to 
restrain us from further practicing this error will certainly prove 
a blessing to our farmers. 


Lancaster County Agriculture 


65 


No one denies that profit is to be made from money crops. But 
we do deny most vehemently that it is wise to raise money crops 
exclusively, then be forced to spend our profits for food. It would 
be much saner to raise a just proportion of each and thereby save 
money. We must increase our food crops if we would increase 
our wealth. This leads us naturally to a consideration of 


The One Crop Evils 

When we speak of the one crop evils, we refer mainly to the 
numerous evils that are the results of our tremendous cotton acre¬ 
age. For cotton is our great one crop. In the past ten years 
over one-half of our entire cultivated acreage has been in cotton. 
It means ruin to any soil to plant the same crop in it year after 
year. Lancaster County is blessed with good soil, capable of rais¬ 
ing almost every type of crop. It is criminal to allow this soil 
to deteriorate in fertility by raising one crop almost entirely. From 
a careful study of our soil, we find that its greatest need for im¬ 
provement and for preservation is an intelligent rotation of crops. 
We need to plant corn, wheat, oats and other grain crops, together 
with vegetables and legumes, upon the soil which has borne the 
burden of cotton for many successive years of cultivation. The 
productivity of our soil can be increased immeasurably with a good 
system of terracing for the prevention of too great washing, a good 
system of drainage for reclaiming overflow lands, and with the 
abolition of this one crop system. 

Another evil of the one crop system is that it gives rise to finan¬ 
cial difficulties which tend to hinder our economic progress. The 
money all comes in at one time of the year—thus developing an 
annual credit system which in itself is undesirable. Then, too, our 
credit under this system is put, necessarily, upon an unstable basis. 
If this one crop fails, ruin follows. Having depended entirely 
upon one crop, and it having failed, there is no way to pay the 
debts which have accumulated during the year; and general finan¬ 
cial depression is the inevitable result. We have, perhaps, a year 
or two during which things are “on the boom”; but in the natural 
course of events “hard times” will come to eat up the farmer’s 
past profits. Under intelligent crop variation it is very unlikely 
that there would ever come a year so bad as to cause the failure 
of all crops. 

Numerous other evils of the one crop system may be cited: 
It leaves labor in idleness for a great part of the year. Not only 
this, but it lowers the general intelligence of any people to think 


5 


66 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


of but one interest all of the time We are not of those who hold the 
opinion that farming is a “gamble.” A good and profitable living is 
assured to anyone who will use his God-given intelligence. But it 
is certainly a gamble, in reality, to plant but one crop, which, if 
it should fail, would bring ruin and consequent depression upon the 
life of the individual and his community. 

It is of course difficult to eradicate this evil in one county while 
the rest of the State practices it. But some county must lead, and 
why should it not be Lancaster? One thing is certain: we can 
never become self-supporting as long as this evil exists, and the 
sooner we overcome it, the better it will be for us. 


Idle Lands 

Lancaster County ranks twentieth in the State in the matter of 
idle lands, there being 89,768 acres of land now idle which could 
be cultivated profitably. This great acreage of idle land means 
that Lancaster County can comfortably accommodate 5,985 new 
settlers in our midst, or 1,197 new families. Our rural population 
density is 49.7 persons per square mile; this figure could safely be 
much higher than it is. It does not indicate the most healthy 
social nor economic life, and we need to remedy this condition. 

There are in Lancaster County 987 white tenant farmers on 
improved farm lands. Would it not be a great benefit to our 
economic condition if we could help these men to obtain farms for 
themselves? This could easily be done through the aid which is 
now offered by the farm loan capital distributed in our Federal 
Land Banks. This great institution of our government offers aid 
to any farmer wishing to buy or improve land. 

Another plan has been suggested—immigration. This plan is 
that we bring in from the West settlers for our idle lands. Why 
not? We could sell them lands cheaply, teach them South Caro¬ 
lina farming, and soon make of them good citizens for Lancaster. 
This seems to be a very safe and sane method of settling our idle 
lands, and at the same time maintaining a white majority. 


Woodlands 

Few persons are sufficiently impressed with the great importance 
of our woodlands as an economic factor in Lancaster County. We 
are far above the average in this respect, with 32.3 per cent of 
our total area in forests. In this we rank sixth among the counties 




Lancaster County Agriculture 


67 


of the State. Various estimates have been made by authorities, 
as to the length of time it will take for the forests of South Caro¬ 
lina to become totally depleted. The lowest of these estimates was 
6H years, and the highest was 71 years. Applying these estimates 
to our own county, even though we are fortunate in being above 
the State average, yet we see how alarming the situation has be¬ 
come. 

Our forests are of the usual Piedmont type—pine, oak, hickory, 
walnut, maple, cedar, ash, and other hardwood types. These are 
hardy varieties, and not difficult of conservation. At present there 
is a sad depletion of timber in the State and nation—and Lan¬ 
caster County is sharing in it. Whatever steps are taken to in¬ 
crease and conserve our woodland area must be taken at once. 
We must not only stop the present alarming forest devastation, 
but we must try to increase timber production in Lancaster County. 
If forests play so large a part in our economic life—and they do— 
then we cannot afford to overlook this great interest. 


Farms and Farm Tenancy 

Farm tenancy is one of the most vital problems which Lan¬ 
caster County has to face. It is the deplorable product of a more 
deplorable condition. It means for the future nothing less than a 
low state of intellectual, social, and economic life. These are 
hard facts, but we must deal with them the more squarely on that 
account. 

There are five distinct types of farm tenancy, as defined by the 
United States Census report. They are: (1) share tenants—those 
who pay a certain share of the products, as one-half, one-third, or 
one-quarter, for the use of the farm, but furnish their own equip¬ 
ment and animals; (2) croppers—share tenants who do not furnish 
their own work animals; (3) share-cash tenants—those who pay a 
share of the products for part of the land rented by them, and cash 
for a part; (4) cash tenants—those who pay a cash rental, as 
$7 per acre of crop land, or $500 for the use of the whole farm; 
(5) standing renters—those who pay a stated amount of farm 
products for the use of the farm, as 3 bales of cotton, or 555 
bushels of corn. Cash tenancy does not pay the landlord as highly 
as does share tenancy; but it is obviously more certain. 

There are in Lancaster County 3,724 farms, of which 2,717, or 
73 per cent are operated by tenants. Of these tenant-operated 
farms, 1,160, or 42.3 per cent are operated by croppers; 1,087, or 
40 per cent by standing renters; 396, or 14.5 per cent by share 



68 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


tenants; 71, or 2.2 per cent by cash tenants; while only two are 
operated under the share-cash plan. These tenants are further 
divided as follows: 987, or{ 36.3 per cent are white, and 1,730, or 
63.7 per cent are colored. It will be remembered that our total 
population is 54.3 per cent white and 45.7 per cent colored. 

This present condition is even worse than it has been in former 
years. In 1900, there were 70.2 per cent of our farms operated by 
tenants; in 1910 the number had grown to 72.5 per cent; while now 
it has increased to 73 per cent. This condition, carried to its 
logical conclusion, means less money for the farmer, and a sub¬ 
sequent lower standard of living. No man will have the same 
interest in building up the lands of another that he will have in 
building up his own. Similarly, the farm tenant will not take the 
same interest in the welfare of the community that he would take 
if he knew himself to be a permanent part of that community. 
t The tenant necessarily feels himself to be, at least potentially, a 
temporary dweller—he cannot take very much interest in a place 
which he cannot call his home. 

Another grave evil of farm tenancy is that it greatly augments 
the negro problem. For of all the farms operated by negroes in 
Lancaster County, only four are owner-operated. The other ne¬ 
groes are tenants. Theirs is a very low order of social and eco¬ 
nomic life—they constitute an hindrance to any kind of development. 
We would not drive our negroes from the State, but we would 
insist that our negro farmers work under the direct superintend¬ 
ence of white land owners. 

Furthermore, all studies made upon this subject show a direct 
and startling relation between illiteracy and farm tenancy. For 
instance, in a section of the Piedmont slightly above the typical 
average, the following facts were brought to light. On owner- 
operated farms 52 per cent of the adult males did not go above 
the seventh grade in school, and 36 per cent did not attend above 
the fourth grade. Of the mothers, 59 per cent stopped school 
below the seventh grade, and 54 per cent below the fourth grade. 
Sixteen per cent had no education at all! These figures are 
shocking enough, but see the worse condition among the tenants. 
Of these, 70 per cent of the adult males stopped school below the 
seventh grade, and 54 per cent did not attend above the fourth 
grade. Of the tenant mothers, 69 per cent stopped below the 
seventh grade and 44 per cent below the fourth. It was found, 
to continue this deplorable study, that among the children of the 
owner-operated farms, 22 per cent stopped school short of the 
seventh grade—only 6 per cent ever went to college. Even so, 


Lancaster County Agriculture 


69 


their advantage is great over the children of the tenant farmers, 
73 per cent of whom stopped school below the eighth grade, 
and 44 per cent of whom never entered their fifth year in school. 
It seems plain then that the children of the tenant farmers have 
very little chance to become educated above the merest elements. 
It necessitates no added argument to prove that illiteracy and 
tenancy go hand in hand. 

It is equally obvious that our duty is to reduce the great per¬ 
centage of tenant-operated farms in Lancaster County by promot¬ 
ing land ownership. What are some of the ways in which this can 
be accomplished? First, we would place the main emphasis on 
education. If tenancy and illiteracy aid each other, then to re¬ 
duce the one will reduce the other. Educate the children of the 
tenant farmers, and they will not be content to remain all their 
lives in the condition of their fathers. Progress can be made in 
rural education through better rural schools, strict enforcement of 
the compulsory education law, and through a larger school 
equalizing fund for the county. But these things can never be 
brought about until the public is awakened to the dire need of 
them. In the second place, farm tenancy can be reduced if co¬ 
operation and mutual helpfulness exist between the land owner and 
his tenant. The owner of vast tracts, and the non-resident owner 
of small farms, must be unselfish enough to assist the tenant in 
buying land for himself. In short, there must be evidenced an 
high type of altruism, which will make the landlord willing, if need 
be, to sacrifice something for the public good. For his part, the 
tenant must give practical evidence of his worthiness to own the 
soil upon which he lives. In the third place, tenants must be 
made aware that they may own land if they wish to do so—and 
are diligent. The United States government, through its great 
federal farm loan system, makes it possible for any honest and 
industrious American to own his farm. All who can do so should 
feel the duty to facilitate the work which the government is trying 
to do. 

With the proper breadth of vision, and with the unselfish co¬ 
operation which is possible, farm tenancy in Lancaster County 
can soon become more rare than a murder case in our Court— 
and we can become a people living upon, improving, and enjoying 
the lands which we have honorably purchased with the labor of 
our hands. 


70 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


Cotton 

In Lancaster County, as in most of the counties of South Caro¬ 
lina, the people pay homage, and also tribute, to “King Cotton.” 
The 1920 census report gives Lancaster County crops of all kinds 
a value of $6,825,865. Of this amount, 76 per cent, or $5,187,657 
was produced by cotton alone. There was practically no other 
non-food crop grown in the county. In 1920, Lancaster’s yield 
of 16,000 bales gave her 20th place among the counties in cotton 
production. In 1922, we held 18th place with 12,100 bales. We 
were 34th in rank in 1921 with our 213 pounds per acre; while in 
1922 our 121 pounds per acre gave us the 13th place. This indi¬ 
cates something of the present great decline in the production of 
cotton in South Carolina, as well as in our own county. Our low 
rating shows that we are not extremely proficient in raising cot¬ 
ton. Although we may derive wealth from what we are able to 
produce, yet along with cotton we should certainly produce more 
food crops, and more livestock. We may find it necessary to do 
so in the future, due to the depredations of 

The Boll Weevil 

The boll weevil has become the great pest of the South in recent 
years. It is well for us to consider his nature, and some ways to 
eradicate him. His presence is a constant menace to the South, 
for he cannot live without food, and his food is our cotton. 

We are familiar with the fact of the boll weevil’s entrance into 
our country from Mexico, gradually wending his way up through 
the cotton belt, until at last he has reached us. He is here—he is 
doing damage—and it is our duty to take every prompt and ef¬ 
fective step to rid ourselves of him. 

The Clemson Extension Department of South Carolina has 
given out the following program of action to combat the weevil: 
(1) Cut all cotton stalks, corn stalks, and other vegetation and 
destroy them as soon as possible; (2) plant early; (3) plant early 
maturing varieties, of cotton; (4) cultivate the cotton often; (5) 
pick the weevils until squares appear; (6) pick the squares if 
labor is cheap; (7) plant a smaller amount of acreage in cotton 
and more in food and feed products; (8) dust the plants with 
calcium arsenate; (9) prepare the land carefully. All of these 
are measures to shorten the exposure of the cotton to the weevil; 
that is, between the forming of the squares and the growth of the 
boll beyond danger of injury. It would aid matters greatly if 
all the farmers in a community would organize to cooperate in 


Lancaster County Agriculture 


71 


planting their cotton at the same time. If these rules are observed 
by all our farmers, we shall soon have little to fear from the 
weevil. We must proceed now on a cooperative basis in cotton 
growing, and in the gradual increase of subsidiary crops. 


Corn 

Corn is by far the most important food crop grown in Lancaster 
County. In 1921, we produced 437,839 bushels of corn, in which 
we ranked 32d in the State. This was a per capita yield of 15 
bushels, in which we ranked 35th among the counties. In 1922, 
our corn production increased to 504,000 bushels; but our rank fell 
to the 39th place. It is also worthy of note that our production 
per capita fell from 15 bushels in 1921 to 14 bushels in 1922. 
Between the years 1909 and 1919 our yield of corn increased 85,- 
679 bushels, or 24.3 per cent—giving us the 27th place among the 
counties in this respect. It is encouraging to see such increase, 
but when we realize the great and constant food shortage for men 
and beasts which we face, then we should realize the need to 
plant still more corn. The numerous active Corn Clubs for Lan¬ 
caster County boys are doing a great service in this direction. 


Other Grain Crops 

Wheat production has been on the decided increase in Lancaster 
County. In 1920, our wheat yield was 7.9 bushels per acre planted, 
or 17,177 bushels. In 1922, we raised 8 bushels per acre, but our 
gross production was 52,000 bushels. Hence it is evident that our 
farmers have aw'akened to the need of planting a greater acreage 
of wheat. It is gratifying that only six counties in South Caro¬ 
lina produced more wheat than Lancaster County—let us climb to 
first place. Our lives at least shall be safe so long as we possess 
plenty of the potential “staff of life.” 

In 1920, we raised 85,884 bushels of oats, which was 16.4 bushels 
per acre planted. Our yield in 1922 was 20 bushels per acre, a 
gross production of 186,000 bushels. This is a pleasing increase. 

Besides these, Lancaster County produced in 1922 over 1,300 
bushels of rye, and over 13,000 tons of hay, as well as 28,000 
bushels of cowpeas. These yields rank but little below the State 
average; and they speak well for the growing sensibility to the 
need of more food and feed crops in Lancaster County. 




72 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


Livestock and Poultry 

In these items Lancaster County is by no means up to the 
average which should be hers. Our increase in cattle between 
1910 and 1920 was practically nothing. Of sheep there are but 
215 in the whole county. 

Between the years 1910 and 1920 we increased our hog pro¬ 
duction 75 per cent, which gave us 22d rank in the State. We 
ranked 31st in the number of pounds produced per person in 
1920, with our 11 pounds per person. But it is gratifying to note 
that our increase of 62.5 per cent between 1910 and 1920 gave us 
the 8th rank in this. Our butter supply of 11 pounds per person 
is surpassed by only three counties in the State. 

What significance have these figures for us? They mean that 
the people of Lancaster County should apply themselves more 
actively to the problem of increasing our livestock and poultry. 
If this can be accomplished, we shall be enabled to make and save 
more money, and improve our present condition by making our¬ 
selves more self-supporting. 


Tables 

We have said that our county is predominantly agricultural. 
We think that no one could have read these pages without agree¬ 
ing with us. Then it must follow that anything which affects 
our farmers is of importance to all of us. This record of Lan¬ 
caster's agricultural status reveals the fact that there is great 
room for growth in every line. Our difficulties are great, but not 
insuperable. Our farmers must learn these problems and their 
solution. Then will they come to have not only more success in 
their work, but more love for it, and a greater appreciation of 
their high calling. 

Lancaster County ranks: 

34th—in area ..515 square miles. 

Berkeley first with 1,238 square miles; Cherokee last 
with 373 square miles. The State’s area is 30,495 
square miles. 

29th—in the number of farms. 3,724. 

Anderson first with 8,910; Jasper last with 1,282. South 
Carolina contains 192,693 farms. 

34th—in the percentage of farm lands improved.45.3 per cent. 

Barnwell first with 68.4 per cent; Georgetown last with 
21.0 per cent. 






Lancaster County Agriculture 


73 


28th—in improved acreage per farm.31.1 per cent. 

Allendale first with 55.2 per cent; Georgetown last 
with 21.0 per cent. 

38th—in percentage of negro owned farms.4 per cent. 

Beaufort first with 78.3 per cent; Dillon last with 2.2 
per cent. 

29th—in mortgaged farms .6.2 per cent. 

Oconee first with 14.7 per cent; Marlboro last with 
2.6 per cent. 

16th—in farm tenancy .73 per cent. 

Marlboro first with 85.6 per cent; Beaufort last with 
14.9 per cent. 

30th—in value of all farm property.$14,465,609. 

Anderson first with $61,635,823; Jasper last with $4,- 
255,029. 

26th—in the percentage increase in farm wealth.118 per cent. 


Georgetown first with 244.5 per cent; Barnwell 43d— 
three counties not given increase. The State’s average 
was 143 per cent. 

28th—in amount spent for implements and machinery $7.19 per acre. 

Anderson first with $11.69; Barnwell last with $3.84. 

23d — in the percentage of negro farms mortgaged in the 

year 1910 .24.4 per cent. 

Beaufort first with 1.4 per cent; Edgefield 43d with 

48.5 per cent. Three counties failed to show any. 

28th—in number bushels increase in corn between 1909 and 

1919 . 85,679 bushels. 

Anderson first with 577,080 bushels; Jasper 42d with 
14,792 bushels. Four counties showed a decrease. 

28th—in percentage increase in corn between 1909 and 

1919 . 24.3 per cent. 

Charleston first with 23.6 per cent; Barnwell last with 

9.5 per cent. 

21st—in bushels of wheat per acre (1922). 8 bushels. 

Dillon first with 13 bushels. 

38th—in bushels oats per acre (1922). 16.4 bushels. 

Marlboro first with 28 bushels; Jasper last with 8.1 
bushels. The State average is 18.3 bushels per acre. 

8th—in increase of poultry (1910-1920)... 62.5 pounds. 

Charleston first with 97.4 pounds per person. Three 
counties failed to show any increase. 














74 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


22d — in increase in hog production (1910-1920) . 75 per cent. 

Anderson first with 276 per cent; Clarendon 37th with 
7 per cent. Seven counties decreased in hog produc¬ 
tion. 

18th—in cotton production in 1922. 12,100 bales. 

Spartanburg first with 56,000 bales; Georgetown last 
with 200 bales. 

38th—in per capita crop values .$101.33. 

Calhoun first with $234.01; Charleston last with $25.37. 

31st—in value of non-food crops.$5,187,657. 

Orangeburg first with $18,216,362; Jasper last with 
$471,371. 

21st—in percentage non-food crops are of total.76 per cent. 

Beaufort first with 22 per cent; Marlboro last with 
89 per cent. 

31st—in bushels corn produced in 1922.520,000 bushels. 

Orangeburg first with 1,568,000; Jasper last with 
294,000. 

24th—in hay and forage produced. 7,423 tons. 

Orangeburg first with 19,775 tons; Jasper last with 
1,835 tons. 










Food and Feed Production 


75 


VIII 

BALANCE SHEET IN FOOD AND FEED 
PRODUCTION 

CARL W. McMURRAY 

Deficit in Food and Feed Production 

The reader is earnestly urged to make a careful study of the 
tables that close this chapter, and decide for himself whether or 
not such a large deficit in food and feed production is sufficiently 
alarming to persuade us to improve the situation. In considering 
Lancaster County’s food and feed deficit, luxuries and dainties 
have not been included; only the staple articles are given. The 
shortage estimates are based on the United States Census of 
1920, and the average annual consumption figures on data from 
the Federal Department of Agriculture. 

In 1919 Lancaster County’s consumption of food and feed 
supplies was $5,394,973.50. Of that amount, only $2,212,749 worth 
was produced in the county, leaving an actual deficit of $3,182,- 
224.58 worth of supplies which had to be purchased from outside 
the county. The total value of our cotton crop for the same year 
was $5,187,657. From these figures, we find that it required ap¬ 
proximately 61 per cent of the value of our cotton crop to make 
up our deficit in food and feed supplies. In comparing these 
figures, let us take into consideration the fact that 1919 was a 
bumper crop year with bumper prices. 

Lancaster County is well adapted to the production of food and 
feed, and the large sum of money that goes out of our county each 
year for food and feed supplies could be saved. It has been ar¬ 
gued that our farmers can grow cotton and purchase their food and 
feed supplies more profitably than they can be raised at home. 
This is unsound doctrine and the farmer who listens to it will 
lag farther and farther behind as the years go by. There is not a 
single article listed in our shortage table that cannot be grown 
in the county more cheaply than it can be imported. There are 
two good reasons for this. When supplies are imported, the farm¬ 
er has to pay the middlemen’s profit and the transportation 
charges. It is the height of folly for a farmer to import corn, 
hay and meat, paying high transportation charges and middlemen’s 
profit, when he could, with all ease, raise these articles on his, 
own farm. 


76 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


Cotton is our chief money crop, and we do not propose to dis¬ 
parage the growing of cotton. Even under boll weevil conditions, 
it can be grown profitably, as soon as the farmers learn the frest 
methods to cope with the pest. Every farmer ought to raise 
sufficient food and feed supplies, and in addition to that grow as 
much cotton as he can. We must stick to cotton as a money 
crop, but there is no excuse for the situation in our county where 
we pour out 61 per cent of our money crop for purchase of food 
and feed supplies. This is especially true whfn we consider the 
fact that our population is almost entirely rural. Leaving out 
of consideration the population of all towns and villages, where 
the people are not engaged in agricultural pursuits, there is still a 
deficit; in other words, the actual farmers do not produce enough 
food and feed supplies for themselves. 

Remember that as our food and feed deficit is decreased the 
wealth of our county will be increased. 


Deficit in Detail 

The shortage in detail consists of 2,379,233 pounds of meat; 
763,593 pounds of butter; 253,340 fowls; 236,303 dozen eggs; 449,- 
639 bushels of cQrn; 95,788 bushels of wheat; and 2,674 tons of 
hay. The enormous shortage is occurring year after year, and we 
cannot expect prosperity and independence among our people until 
this balance sheet is reversed. 


Reasons for the Deficit 

There are several reasons why we fail to produce sufficient 
food and feed stuffs at home, all of which are interwoven in our 
system of farming and marketing, leading to a one-crop system. 

The necessity of a ready market for home-raised supplies is 
recognized by all students of the problem. The farmer, like any 
other business man, must have some assurance of a market for 
his produce where he can realize ready cash from his food and 
feed crops at a reasonable profit. 

The lack of a ready market for food and feed crops is to be 
chiefly blamed to the one-crop system. Up to the present time, 
what food and feed surplus a farmer might have, had to be disposed 
of.by the peddling method, or at a price usually entailing a loss, 
depending upon the local market conditions. If the market hap¬ 
pened to be glutted by imported goods, he had to dump his pro- 




Food and Feed Production 


77 


duce at a sacrifice; such conditions served to strengthen the cause 
of the one-crop system. 

Excessive farm tenancy has been one of the chief factors in 
the promotion of the one-crop system, which has brought us face 
to face with the alarming condition which necessitates the im¬ 
porting of $3,182,224 worth of food and feed into our county. The 
relation between the landlord and the tenant is such that the tenant 
must plant a crop for which he can obtain ready money in order 
to pay his rent, or if he pays rent in part of the produce, this usu¬ 
ally is required in cotton. As long as this system of farming 
exists we will have a deficiency in food and feed production. There 
must be an adjustment in the relations between landlord and 
tenant. The landlord must take something else for his rent be¬ 
sides cotton. The tenant should try to produce all of the necessi¬ 
ties possible. In this way he would be able to save more of the 
money he obtains from his money crop. 


The Boll Weevil and Diversified Farming 

The long predicted boll weevil is here at last. We should have 
been prepared for the coming of the boll weevil, but as has been 
the history of man in all ages, we rested at ease in Zion until the 
calamity had come upon us. Now that we are actually confronted 
with the problem, we must combat the pest as effecively as possi¬ 
ble. Diversified farming, as has been preached for the past two 
decades, seems to be the best remedial measure. If our people expect 
to tide themselves over and lift themselves out of the present eco¬ 
nomic predicament, they must pay more attention to raising their 
own food and feed supplies. We may continue to expect some fail¬ 
ures of the cotton crop until the farmers learn to farm under boll 
weevil conditions. But if the farmer will raise his own foodstuffs, 
these years of cotton failure will not hurt him so much. With the 
variety of things that can be raised in the county, a farmer can live 
in comfort in spite of the failure of the cotton crop. 

The development of the livestock industry is a most urgent 
necessity at the present time, and should be an important factor 
under a system of diversified farming. Enough livestock should 
be kept to consume the surplus of the different crops that must be 
produced under a satisfactory system of diversified farming. Feed 
crops under our present system often cannot be sold with profit, 
but they can be fed to livestock with great profit. Through this 
method we can wipe out our meat deficit and add to our source 
of revenue. Furthermore, by rotation of crops and the use of 



78 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


barnyard manure, the fertility of the soil will be increased, and, with 
increase in soil fertility, we may expect increase in production 
of cotton. At the present time, our farms are supporting only a 
little more than one-fourth of the livestock that should be carried 
on a well-balanced farm. A lightly stocked farm area means one 
animal unit for every five acres of land in farms. An animal unit 
consists of either one horse, one milk cow, two beef cattle, five 
hogs, seven sheep, or one hundred fowls. For our county to be 
on a lightly stocked basis we need 51,080 animal units; and we 
only have 14,549 animal units on hand. From this we see that 
our farms are being operated 72 per cent below maximum effi¬ 
ciency in regard to their livestock capacity. 

There is no excuse for Lancaster County’s deficit in meat, butter 
and eggs. It is nothing less than a case of indolence for our people 
to import these articles of food; for these things could be pro¬ 
duced at home without appreciable curtailment in the production 
of cotton. Through proper management in the different phases 
of diversified farming, the soil will become enriched and the pro¬ 
duction of cotton increased, even though cotton acreage has been 
decreased. 

Diversified farming lessens the risk of total failure, which is 
likely to occur any year under the one-crop system with boll 
weevil conditions. Diversified farming distributes the labor 
throughout the year;' so that men, horses and machinery may be 
given constant employment. Diversified farming also distributes 
the income throughout the year, and this is a great advantage to 
the farmer. Diversified farming enriches the soil, and thereby 
assures a greater yield per acre. These arguments should be 
sufficient to convince the farmers of Lancaster County of the press¬ 
ing -necessity of some well-calculated system of diversified farming, 
especially since the boll weevil situation has brought us face to face 
with the perils of an economic breakdown in agricultural pur¬ 
suits. 


The Local Market Problem 

The lack of a convenient market for food crops is a great stum¬ 
bling block to those who would attempt to produce surplus food 
supplies. Therefore, the solution of this problem should claim 
the attention of those who have the interest of our county at 
heart. At the present time there is a wide gulf between the producer 
and the consumer which has resulted in the high cost of living and 
the low price of the farmer’s produce. The problem is to establish 



Food and Feed Production 


79 


a system of marketing that will bring the producer and the con¬ 
sumer nearer together. 

The Citrus Fruit Growers’ Association of California, after doing 
everything in its power to reduce the middlemen to a minimum, 
found that only twenty-eight per cent of the consumer’s dollar 
reached the producer. Now, here is the point: if the producer 
and the consumer could be brought nearer together, the cost of 
living would be materially reduced, and, at the same time, the 
farmer would get enough for his produce to encourage him to 
grow a surplus of food and feed supplies. This .is one of the out¬ 
standing problems of the day, and can be solved only through the 
intelligent sympathetic co-operation of all agencies in the county. 

The farm and home demonstration agents can be of great ad¬ 
vantage to the farmers in building up a system of marketing in 
our county. The surplus food and feed products can perhaps be 
best accommodated by co-operation with these agents in the estab¬ 
lishment of local co-operative associations. The agent has an 
opportunity to know the different markets, and can send out word 
through the county when a shipment of livestock or vegetables is 
to be made, and the farmers who have a surplus can bring it to 
the designated place. A small beginning in this way should lead 
to a well-worked-out system. 

Let us remember that the problem is one of co-operation. The 
producers must co-operate among themselves, and the local con¬ 
sumers should lend a hand to help solve the problem. The con¬ 
sumer is very vitally concerned in the matter. By co-operation 
the cost to the consumer can be reduced and the price to the pro¬ 
ducer increased. It is a matter of patriotic co-operation for the 
well-being of our county. 


Standardizing the Product 

The farmer must learn that his products will have to be stand¬ 
ardized before he can expect to sell them to advantage. The de¬ 
monstration agents have a great opportunity here to teach the 
people how to prepare their product for the market. 

When a farmer has corn to sell he expects to sell it on the cob, 
but there is a much greater demand for corn if it is properly 
shelled and sacked. Likewise the farmer who has a surplus of po¬ 
tatoes, instead of grading them and properly preparing them for 
the market, takes all sizes and grades mixed together and tries 
to find a market for them. Even if he finds a market he will not 
receive nearly as much as he would if they were properly graded. 



80 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


The farmer who has hay to sell expects a market for it in sacks 
or in loose loads. He might be able to find a market for it in 
this condition, but if he does, he will not receive as much for it 
as he would if it were properly baled and prepared for the market. 

When a manufacturer or a merchant has goods for sale, he ar¬ 
ranges them so as to appeal to the purchaser. The farmer must 
learn to do the same. So often we have seen farmers bring butter 
to market without having it molded and while the butter may be 
good, the consumer does not care to buy it in that shape. This 
kind of business method has been used by the farmer long enough, 
and he must get out of the rut and prepare his produce so as to 
appeal to the eye of the purchasing public. It is unsound business 
to let farmers of other regions send to our very doors products 
easily grown at home. If other farmers in other sections can grow 
and prepare their produce so as to appeal to the consumers in our 
own neighborhood at a profitable price, why cannot we get busy 
and do the same? 


Business Methods Essential to Successful Farming 

The use of business methods is necessary to successful farming. 
No kind of enterprise can be expected to thrive unless the promoter 
of the enterprise puts forth some brain energy in directing the dif¬ 
ferent phases of the business toward some desired end. So many 
of our farmers are not doing that. First of all, there is a lack 
of purpose; consequently, they drift along in the same old ruts 
making the same old mistakes year after year. There is a lack 
of planning, followed by lack of intelligent effort. A good business 
man is continually looking out for and expecting new circumstances 
and conditions that will affect his business, and he lays plans that 
will cause these new conditions to favor his business. The farmer 
who depends on chance to bring success will have to wait a long 
time, and many of our farmers are in that class. 

Let’s get out of the rut, abolish slip-shod methods and do busi¬ 
ness. To begin with, let’s start keeping a record of all expenses 
and income, so that at the close of the year we can see what has 
been profitable and what unprofitable, and can know better how to 
lay future plans. 

“Diversified farming defeats the boll weevil” will some day be¬ 
come a proverb. Let’s accept it as such and get away from the 
one-crop system. Diversified farming was good doctrine before 
the boll weevil hit us; now, it is not only sound doctrine, but it is 
the only hope. The landlord and the tenant must co-operate in 



Food and Feed Production 


81 


this matter. The landlord must encourage the tenant to grow 
food and feed crops, so that the farm can be run on a cash basis 
and whatever amount of cotton is produced will be clear of ex¬ 
penses. 

It is for the common welfare as well as for individual profit that 
we all join hands in this matter and determine that Lancaster 
County’s balance sheet in food and feed production shall be re¬ 
versed. 


Lancaster County Balance Sheet in Food and Feed Production 


I. Food and Feed Needed: 

28,628 people @ $161.28.$4,617,023.84 

5,533 work animals @ $75.75. 419,124.75 

4,648 dairy cattle @ $35.67 . 165,794.16 

4,281 other cattle @ $15.55. 66,569.55 

111 sheep @ $3.44. 381.84 

9,804 swine @ $12.86. 126,079.44 


Total food and feed needed.$5,394,973.58 

II. Food and Feed Produced: 

Food and feed crops .$1,613,347 

Dairy products . 221,438 

Poultry products . 195,508 

Honey and wax . 1,476 

Value of beef cattle and swine . 180,980 


Total food and feed products.$2,212,749 

Shortage in home-raised food and feed.$3,182,224.58 

Cotton and other non-food crop value.$5,087,657,00 


Distribution of Food and Feed Shortage 

1. Meat needed for 28,628 people @ 152 pounds per 

person .4,351,456 

Meat produced 670 calves @ 150 pounds 100,500 
374 cows @ 350 pounds.. 127,400 
90,198 poultry @ 3.5 pounds. 315.693 
8,929 swine @ 160 pounds... 1,428,640 


Total meat produced .1,972,233 

Shortage .2,379,223 


6 
























82 


Lancaster County, Economic and Sociae 


2. Butter needed for 28,628 people @ 48 pounds per 

person .1,374,144 

Produced . 610,551 


Deficit (pounds) . 763,593 

3. Fowls needed for 28,628 people @ 12 fowls per person 343,536 
Produced . 90,196 


Deficit . 253,340 

4. Eggs needed for 28,628 people @ 17 dozen per person. .500,990 
Produced .264,687 


Deficit (dozen) .236,303 

5. Corn needed for 28,628 people @ 31 bushels per person 887,468 
Produced . 437,829 


Deficit (bushels) . 449,639 

6. Wheat needed for 28,628 people @ 4 bushels per person 114,512 
Produced . 18,724 


Deficit (bushels) . 95,788 

7. Hay needed for 5,533 work animals @ 10 pounds 

per day (tons) . 10,097 

Produced . 7,423 


Deficit (tons) . 2,674 


Facts About Food and Feed Production in Lancaster County 

The following table is compiled from statistics taken from the 
1920 Census: 

Rank 

32d—in total corn production, bushels.437,829 

Orangeburg 1st with 1,460,318 bushels; Jasper last 
with 154,526 bushels. The average production per 
county in the State is 597,218. 
























Food and Feed Production 


83 


28th—in corn production per acre, bushels. 14.5 

Charleston 1st with 23.6 bushels; Barnwell last with 
9.5 bushels. The average for the State is 15 bushels 
per acre. 

35th—in per capita corn production, bushels. 15.3 

Calhoun 1st with 31.8 bushels; Charleston last with 4.2 
bushels. The average for the State is 16.3 bushels. 

27th—in per cent increase in corn production, 1910 to 1920.. 24.3 

Charleston County ranked 1st with an increase of 
108.2 per cent. Three counties showed a decrease. 

9th—in wheat production per person, bushels. 0.6 

Lexington 1st with 1.9 bushels. State average 0.37 
bushel. Needed 4 bushels for each person; deficit per 
person in Lancaster County, 3.4 bushels; total deficit 
for Lancaster County, 97,335 bushels. 

21st—in wheat production per acre, bushels. 7.9 

Dillon County ranks 1st with 13 bushels. Average 
for State 7.4 bushels. 

28th—in production of oats per acre, bushels. 16.4 

Marlboro ranks 1st with 28 bushels; Jasper last with 
8.1 bushels. Average for State .18.3 bushels. 

24th—in hay and forage produced, tons. 7,423 

Orangeburg ranks 1st with 19,775 tons; Jasper last 
with 1,835 tons. 

33d — in annual pork production per capita, pounds. 52.3 

Horry ranks 1st with 183.3 pounds; York last with 22 
pounds. 

22d — in percentage increase in swine (1910-1920) . 75 

Anderson ranks 1st with an increase of 276 per cent. 

33d — in beef production per person, pounds . 9.2 

• Beaufort ranks 1st with 129.8 pounds; Greenville last 
with 3.6 pounds. The average for the State is 17.8 
pounds. 

11th—in pounds of poultry per person. .... 11 

Saluda ranks 1st with 15.4 pounds; Charleston last 
with 2.6 pounds. 

4th — in butter production per person, pounds . 18.7 

Cherokee ranks 1st with 23.6 pounds; Charleston last 
with 0.1 pound. Average for the State 8.3 pounds. 

Butter needed for person per year is 48 pounds: short¬ 
age per person for Lancaster County is 29.3 pounds. 













84 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


10th—in smallness of egg deficit per person, dozen. 8.2 

Needed 17.5 dozen per person. Total shortage for 
county, 234,749 dozen. Total production for county, 

266,240 dozen. 

8th—in per cent increase of poultry of all kinds (1910— 

1920) . 62.5 

Charleston ranks 1st with an increase of 97.4 per cent; 
Berkeley last with a decrease of 60.8 per cent. 

10th—in value of total livestock products per person. $14.62 

Edgefield ranks 1st with $22 worth per capita; Charles¬ 
ton last with $1.70 worth per capita. 


Lancaster County Livestock—1920 Census 

I. Animal LTnits on Hand: 

5,427 mature work animals . 5,427 

21 spring colts (1/4) . 5 . 

85 yearling colts (1/2) . 43 

4,648 dairy cattle . 4,648 

4,281 other cattle (1/2) . 2,146 

4,477 mature hogs (1/5) . 897 

5,327 spring pigs (1/10) . 533 

107 mature sheep (1/7) . 15 

84,186 poultry (1/100) . 842 


Total animal units . 14,549 

II. Animal Units Needed—255,399 acres divided by 5. 51,080 

Per cent of animals in a lightly stocked farm area... 28 
Per cent below the level .:. 72 

Note: A lightly stocked farm area means one animal for every 
five acres—a horse, a cow, 2 colts, 5 hogs, 7 sheep, or 100 hens. 


References 

United States Census Publications. 

Soil Survey of Lancaster County, Bureau of Soils, United States 
Department of Agriculture, 1904. 

Reports of South Carolina Tax Commission. 

Report of the Joint Special Committee on Revenue and Taxation, 
South Carolina General Assembly, 1921. 




















Food and Feed Production 


85 


Catalogue of Mineral Localities in South Carolina, 1907. 

Reports of the Comptroller-General of South Carolina. 

Climatological Data, United States Weather Bureau. 

Handbook of South Carolina, E. J. Watson, 1907. 

Reports of the South Carolina State Superintendent of Education. 

Timber Depletion, Lumber Prices, Lumber Exports and Concen¬ 
tration of Timber Ownership, June 1, 1920, The Forest Service, 
United States Department of Agriculture. 

Reports of the South Carolina State Commission of Agriculture, 
Commerce and Industries. 

Reports of the South Carolina State Highway Commission. 

Farmers’ Bulletins, United States Department of Agriculture. 

Textile Handbook, 1923, American Wool and Cotton Reporter. 

Files, University Weekly News, University of South Carolina, 
1921-1922. 

Economic and Social Surveys of Greenville, Florence, Dillon, 
Chesterfield, Sumter and Kershaw Bulletins; University of South 
Carolina Series. 


86 


Lancaster County, Economic and Sociae 


IX 

EVIDENCE OF PROGRESS 

E. A. BEATY 

Foreword 

Progress is the law of all life. It is our high privilege to go 
always from more to the more, to approach more nearly the best 
and highest ideal for existence. But there is a price which we 
must pay. It demands that we keep our minds and hearts open 
to any ideas which will tend to better our condition, and that we 
keep our hands ready and willing to put these ideas into practice. 

Lancaster County has not made that degree of progress in recent 
years which she should have made. Our people have not been 
keenly alive to all the great possibilities for growth which our 
county affords; neither have we been aggressively active in using 
our most evident advantages. But there is a brighter side. A 
study of our present conditions, as compared with a few y-ears 
ago, reveals the fact that we have not been standing still by 
any means. Lancaster County has grown, and is continuing to 
grow. 

There is scarcely any phase of our county life which has not 
given evidence of some healthy development. Our agricultural 
life and methods have improved and have been modernized; our 
wealth has increased tremendously; our industries have grown; 
our schools have been enlarged; we have built and are maintain¬ 
ing better roads; we have in our county many progressive organi¬ 
zations; and we have given other proofs of our strides toward 
an higher standard of living. 


Population 

It is interesting to note the population growth of Lancaster 
County during the past century. In the year 1820 our inhabitants 
numbered 8,716. Fifty years later this number was 16,903, which 
represents a growth of 93 per cent. In 1920 the number had grown 
to 28,628, or 68 per cent. Our population in recent years has in¬ 
creased in greater ratio. In 1900 it was 24,311, and by 1910 it had 
become 26,650, which is an increase of 9.6 per cent in ten years. 
Then in the next decade there was an increase of 7.4 per cent, 
which gave us in 1920 a population of 28,628. 



Evidence oe Progress 


87 


In 1910 our population was 53.9 per cent white, and 46.1 per 
cent colored. Ten years later we had 54.3 per cent of our people 
white, and 45.7 per cent colored. These figures indicate that we 
shall be able to maintain a safe white majority. 

There were 51.8 persons per square mile in Lancaster County 
in 1910, while in 1920 this figure was 55.6 persons per square mile. 
This density gives us twentieth place among the counties of the 
State, and is but little less than the State density of 56.1 perspns 
per square mile. With 49.7 persons per square mile we rank 
16th in the density of our rural population. Lancaster County 
can easily accommodate 5,985 new inhabitants, or 1,197 families, 
on her idle lands alone, so there is no reason why she cannot safely 
continue to grow in population. 


Agriculture 

The most widespread interest of Lancaster County consists of 
her agriculture, since it is the business of the vast majority of her 
citizens. Any advance, therefore, in the methods and life of the 
farmer means a corresponding advance in the welfare and prosper¬ 
ity of the whole county. 

Between the years 1910 and 1920 there was an increase of 74,201 
acres in farm lands in Lancaster County. The figures for the 
number of farms in the past twenty years have been: 1900, 2,970; 
1910, 3,749; 1920, 3,724. The value of farm property has advanced 
tremendously in the same length of time. From 1900 to 1910 it 
increased 144 per cent, or from $2,709,303 to $6,609,999. During 
the past decade there has been an increase of 118 per cent, from 
$6,609,999 to $14,465,609. 

Land values in Lancaster County have given evidence of the 
growing prosperity. In 1900 land was valued at $6.38 per acre; it 
was $16.13 in 1910; and in 1920 it had reached $36.34. Furthermore, 
there has been a progressive increase in the amount spent for farm 
implements in Lancaster County during recent years. In 1900 we 
bought machinery to the amount of $125,630; in 1910 we spent 
$241,485 for that cause; and in 1920 it was $831,734, which is an ex¬ 
penditure of $7.19 per acre. The purchase of new implements and 
modern machinery for farming shows an awakening on the part of 
our people to the need of better methods. This inevitably means 
more crops, and consequent increasing wealth for the farmers. 

The item of production in Lancaster County agriculture makes 
an intensely interesting study. Cotton production has fluctuated 



88 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


violently in the past few years. In 1909 we had 52,114 acres in 
cotton, and produced 24,209 bales. Ten years later our acreage 
was 48,920 acres, and the yield was 24,544. But a greater change 
has taken place in the last two years. In 1921 we planted 56,000 
acres in cotton and produced only 16,000 bales; in 1922 50,000 acres 
in cotton yielded but 12,100 bales. 

Lancaster County has increased her corn production remarkably 
in % the past few years. In 1909 we harvested 352,150 bushels of 
corn. Ten years later the number had increased to 437,829 bushels; 
and in 1922 we produced 520,000 bushels of corn. Even greater 
has been the increase of our wheat yields. This production grew 
from 3,196 bushels in 1909 to 18,724 bushels in 1919, thence to 52,- 
000 bushels in 1922. Thus we have an almost inconceivable in¬ 
crease of 1,526 per cent in twelve years! Surely this is an indica¬ 
tion that Lancaster farmers have begun to realize the importance of 
planting more grain, and of improving land for grain production. 
There has also been some increase in other grain crops, and in the 
production of hay and forage. 

The increase of 75 per cent in hog production during the past 
ten years is likewise a matter for congratulation. We wish that we 
could record a similar progress in the matter of cattle and sheep. 
Our farm animals have grown in number; their value has in¬ 
creased from $937,666 in 1910 to $1,793,295 in 1920. In 1900 Lan¬ 
caster County’s poultry produce was $20,448; in 1910 it was $54,- 
879; and in 1920 this figure was $88,625. We ranked 8th in the 
State with this 62.5 per cent increase in poultry in the past ten 
years. 

With agricultural possibilities yet far from fully realized, and with 
89,678 acres of idle land awaiting the farmer’s hand, we see no 
reason why our future growth should not exceed that of the past. 


Farm and Home Demonstration 

Much of the development of Lancaster County agriculture in 
the past few years has been directly due to the efforts of the Farm 
and Home Demonstration agents. These agents act under the su¬ 
pervision of the Agricultural Extension Service of Clemson College, 
an institution which covers every part of South Carolina in its work 
for the farmers. These departments have as their chief object the 
betterment of social and economic conditions on the farms and in 
the farm homes of the county. It is the agency through which the 
farmers and home-makers obtain useful information and practical 
help in carrying on their work to the best advantage. 



Evidence oe Progress 


89 


The Farm Demonstration Agent seeks to build and develop soil 
fertility; to increase forage yields; to improve crop conditions and 
productions by encouraging the use of better seed; to increase dairy 
yields; to improve swine production; to increase the knowledge and 
practice of bee culture; to foster more farm horticulture; to facil¬ 
itate marketing; and to organize boys’ clubs for instruction in im¬ 
proved and diversified farming. The Farm Demonstration Agent 
keeps an office in Lancaster, the county seat of Lancaster County, 
from which bulletins and advisory articles are sent out. More than 
this, he goes about the county doing personal work among the 
farmers, and giving practical demonstrations in better farming 
methods. In Lancaster County in 1920 there were 36 Boys’ Corn. 
Clubs, 27 Pig Clubs, 15 Cotton Clubs, and 22 Peanut Clubs. 

The Home Demonstration department is likewise doing a splen¬ 
did and permanent work in Lancaster County. The lady who is 
the agent in charge of this branch of the work seeks to do every¬ 
thing in her power to increase the happiness and prosperity of home 
life in Lancaster. The definite objects of her work are: to organ¬ 
ize and instruct girls’ clubs in canning of fruits and vegetables; 
to give practical instruction in house furnishing; to give instruction 
in regard to sanitation and proper nutrition; to demonstrate the 
correct care of butter, milk, vegetables, and other produce; to 
assist in the marketing of such products; and to organize and carry 
on baby clinic work throughout the county. The Home Demon¬ 
stration Agent also travels about in every section of the county, 
giving actual demonstration, as well as sending out bulletins, and 
articles from her own pen. 

There are now organized in Lancaster County many Girls’ Can¬ 
ning Clubs and Home Demonstration Clubs among the housewives. 
These clubs are well organized, are functioning efficiently, and are 
doing a good work in canning, poultry culture, gardening, home im¬ 
provement, and health. Miss Christine N. South, State Agent for 
Home Demonstration Work in South Carolina, says in her report 
for 1922 the following regarding this work in Lancaster County: 
“Lancaster has one of the best equipped Club Markets in the 
State, which was a gift from Colonel Leroy Springs. Products 
of the Home Producers’ Association have been of good quality 
and have been sold easily on the market. Butter work has been 
stressed, over 400 pounds have been sold locally at an average 
price of forty cents per pound. The butter contest has been pop¬ 
ular. Community meetings were held in three places, and over 
800 people were present to see the demonstrations. The Poultry 
Show was held, and over 40 pens of pure-bred birds were on ex- 


90 


Lancaster County, Economic and Sociae 


hibition, winning prizes which were given by the merchants and 
citizens of the county.” This quotation serves to give us a knowl¬ 
edge of the practical work now being done by this agency. 

When we consider the fact that not only the farmers and their 
wives are being trained to greater efficiency, but that the boys 
and girls who will be farmers and homemakers of tomorrow are 
also being trained, then we feel optimistic for the life standards 
of these citizens of the next generation. It would be hard in¬ 
deed to calculate all of the great good which the farm and home 
demonstration agents have done, and are doing, in Lancaster 
County. Our people will do well to avail themselves more and 
more of this great service—and to render it their service. 


Wealth 

Along with the development of agriculture in Lancaster, there 
has also come a considerable growth in the general wealth of the 
county. It might be well to state, in the beginning, how we ar¬ 
rive at these figures for wealth. The law of South Carolina re¬ 
quires all property to be returned at 100 per cent of its value. 
In actual practice, however, according to the United States Census 
reports, the returned value is nearer 25 per cent of the actual 
value, except as to bank stock, which is customarily returned at 
42 per cent of its real value. Therefore, the census figure is the 
one which has been used in estimating the actual value of property 
from the assessed value. 

There has been a gratifying increase of 70.8 per cent in the total 
taxable property of Lancaster County in the past ten years. In 
1910 we had $7,932,524, or $298 per capita. In 1920 we had $13,- 
515,600, or $472 per capita. We ranked 13th in the State in the 
increase of total taxable property during this decade. The value 
of all farm property in Lancaster County, according to the 1920 
Census report, was $14,565,609, ranking us 30th among the counties 
of the State in this respect. In 1910 the value of all farm property 
was but $6,609,999. Hence we see here an increase of 119 per cent, 
which gives us 26th place in the State. It is also worthy of notice 
that between 1910 and 1920 the percentage of farms under mort¬ 
gage in Lancaster County was reduced from 6.2 per cent to 5.7 
per cent. This figure shows some of the progress which the 
farmers have made in reducing their debts. 

In 1914 the six banks of Lancaster County, five of which were 
State banks, and one a national bank, had total banking resources 



Evidence oe Progress 


91 


of $1,372,210.07, or $51.49 per capita. By the end of the year 1919 
these figures had grown to $1,851,087 in total resources, or $64.66 
per capita. At the close of business in December, 1922, our six 
banks, all of which are now State banks, showed total resources 
of $2,952,038.09, or $103.12 per capita. This indicates an increase 
of 115 per cent in our banking resources during the past eight 
years. It is also gratifying to note that during the recent years of 
financial depression, we have had very few business failures of any 
kind. Lancaster County is on a firm financial basis. 


Industrial Growth 

There has been no little growth in the industries of Lancaster 
County. The Lancaster Cotton Mills constitute our greatest 
single industry. This concern was incorporated in 1895 with an 
authorized capital stock of $2,500,000. It has continued to add 
floor space and equipment, until now we have the largest cotton 
mill under one roof in the world. The mill has at present 257 
cards, 3,006 broad looms of the most modern type, and 140,000 
spindles. The average number of employees is now 1,200, and the 
weekly pay-roll is about thirty thousand dollars. Dividends are 
paid regularly on preferred stock, and have been paid on common 
stock as follows: 1899, 6 per cent; 1900, 7 per cent; 1901, 8 per 
ce-nt; 1902-1906, 7 per cent; 1907-1908, 8 per cent; 1909-1918, 10 
per cent; 1919, 20 per cent; 1920-1922, 10 per cent. The Ker¬ 
shaw Cotton Mill has also shown great development since its or¬ 
ganization. It is equipped with 482 looms and 12,160 spindles. 
Its capital stock is $300,000. These mills are both under the 
control of our citizens, and furnish a means of livelihood to hun¬ 
dreds of our own people. The employees have been given mod¬ 
ern conveniences in their homes, and the standards of living are 
high. 

Other recent developments in Lancaster County industries are our 
oil mills, of which there is one in Lancaster and one in Kershaw. 
The former has a capital stock of $93,000.00, and its annual pro¬ 
duce is valued at $787,692.00. The capital stock of the Kershaw 
Oil Mill is $70,000.00, and the value of its output is $247,389.00 
annually. The Catawba Fertilizer Company, an important Lan¬ 
caster industry, has a capital stock of $200,000.00, and the annual 
value of its produce is $474,553.00. The plant employs 32 persons, 
whose salaries aggregate $40,932.00 per annum. The Lancaster 
Light and Power Company has a capital of $27,211.00, and the 



92 


Lancaster County, Economic and Sociae 


annual production amounts to over $200,000.00. In addition to 
these industries, Lancaster County has about $10,000.00 invested 
in her mineral and stone works. 


Educational Advances 

Development in education is an index to general progress. 
Educate a people, and they will soon begin to develop themselves; 
for education itself is a “leading out” into new worlds of thought 
and effort. Hence we are glad to report the progress which has 
been made in recent years in the schools of Lancaster County. In 
1912 the total enrollment in the county was 7,037. This number 
in 1922 was 9,530, which was an increase of 35.4 per cent, and 
which ranked us 23d among the counties of the State in this re¬ 
spect. We were 17th in total white enrollment for 1922, which was 
5,027; and 26th in total negro enrollment, which was 4,382. The 
average attendance increased 46.5 per cent between 1912 and 
1922. 

There was an increase of 188.7 per cent in the salaries paid to 
our teachers between the years 1911 and 1921. We now pay our 
white men teachers an average salary of $1,098.12 per annum, and 
the average yearly salary of our white women teachers is $742.41. 
These figures seem alarmingly low, yet they are a considerable 
advance over a few years ago. We have also increased our school 
property until now we rank 20th in the State with $297,583 in¬ 
vested in this way. In recent months these towns have issued 
bonds for building new school buildings: Lancaster, $160,000.00; 
Heath Springs, $50,000.00; Van Wyck, $12,000.00. Kershaw has 
already completed the building of a modern high school. 

A comprehensive method of ascertaining school conditions has 
been worked out by obtaining an average of the following ten 
items: (1) The per cent of school population attending school 
daily; (2) the average number of days attendance of each child of 
school age; (3) the average number of days the schools are kept 
open: (4) the percentage which the high school attendance was 
of the total; (5) the percentage that boys were of girls in the 
high school; (6) the average expenditure per child in average at¬ 
tendance; (7) the average expenditure per child of school age; 
(8) the average expenditure per teacher employed; (9) the expendi¬ 
ture per child for other than salaries; (10) the expenditure per teacher 
for salaries. The average of these items is called the index figure, 
and an idea of the growth of Lancaster County schools can be 



Evidence op Progress 


93 


seen by the comparison of the index figures for different years. 
In 1910 the index figure for white schools was 25.01, and in 1920 
it was 38.57, an advance of 13.56 in the decade. During the same 
length of time the index figure for our negro schools dropped from 
18.12 to 12.40. But notwithstanding this decrease of 5.72, the com¬ 
bined index figure for white and negro schools in the county ad¬ 
vanced from 21.96 in 1910 to 30.06 in 1920, an increase of 8.10. In 
the chapter on schools may be seen a table in which the advances 
in the several items comprising the index figure are given. It 
merits a very careful study. 

The Compulsory Education Law has served to increase the av¬ 
erage attendance upon the schools, but there is still need for its 
more rigid enforcement. The school problem is one of our most 
important, and it is gratifying to see these efforts being made to 
give every Lancaster boy and girl an education. It is our imper¬ 
ative duty to add still more to the equipment and teaching forces 
of the county. This, of course, will require more financial ex¬ 
penditures—but w r hat is money in comparison with immortal minds 
waiting and anxious to be trained for life? We urge every Lan¬ 
caster County citizen to think carefully through this problem—to 
note the progress which we have made—and to do all things 
possible that more might be made in the future. 


Roads 

Good roads or bad? On the answer to this question hinges 
much of the progress of human life. The savage is satisfied with 
his path; civilization properly demands a better channel for its 
current of life. This'is a day in which humanity is almost con¬ 
stantly “on the road”—so if that road be a good one, then we are 
rendered more efficient. It speaks well for Lancaster County that 
w r e have long been active in the building and maintenance of good 
roads; for the quality of our roads bears directly on all the phases 
of our county life. Our farming cannot reach its best success 
without good roads; our schools cannot be useful if bad roads 
keep the children from regular attendance; our social and spiritual 
lives cannot develop unless we have an easy method of communi¬ 
cation with each other. 

We have in Lancaster County 600 miles of public roads, of which 
60.6 miles are State roads. The distance from the Kershaw 
County line to the North Carolina line, 39.9 miles, is improved 
soft-surface road—a development of the last ten years. Road ac- 



94 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


tivities in Lancaster County are under the supervision of the Board 
of County Commissioners. These men employ the Highway En¬ 
gineer for the county. At the present time work is being done, 
on the county roads, but none on the State Highway. Lancaster 
spends $60,000.00 annually in road construction and maintenance. 

Over a decade ago Lancaster County caught the spirit of road 
building, and she has been active ever since. But we must increase 
our mileage of good roads if we are to keep pace with the progress 
being made in other counties of the State. 


County Organizations 

Lancaster County has several excellent organizations which are 
doing a great deal of good. These are all the outcome of the past 
few years, evidences of social and economic advances which Lan¬ 
caster has made. 

The South Carolina Cotton Growers’ Co-operative Association 
is represented in Lancaster County, and is actively engaged in 
assisting our farmers to obtain better prices for their cotton. The 
Federal Farm Loan Board is also carrying on the work of that 
great national organization in Lancaster County. There is one 
co-operative store, that of the Lancaster Cotton Mills, and it has 
grown steadily since its incorporation a few years ago. Two of 
our erstwhile good organizations, the County Fair Association 
and the Chamber of Commerce, have gone out of existence. Steps 
should be taken to revive them. 

The Lancaster County Red Cross has continued to function use¬ 
fully since the war. It was organized in the spring of 1917, with a 
large membership. In the fall of 1917 ten members were sent to 
the University of South Carolina to take a course in home service 
work. One of these |adies, Miss Etta Skipper, was retained as 
Home Service Secretary until May, 1923. Auxiliary branches of 
the Red Cross were established in each township of the county. 
Each time an allotment was apportioned among the Red Cross 
Chapters of the Southern Division, Lancaster’s apportionment 
equalled in its amount that of such cities as Charlotte and Colum¬ 
bia, and our full part was met in every case. In the spring of 1918 
a young lady was sent to Lancaster from Atlanta to take a course 
in home service work under our secretary. This shows the recog¬ 
nized efficiency of our office. The Red Cross was closed in May, 
1923, for lack of funds. Our people should see that this important 
branch of social service is reopened at once. 



Evidence oe Progress 


95 


The Lancaster Cotton Mills have recently erected a beautiful 
club house for their employees. This building contains room for 
rest and recreation, a spacious auditorium for community gath¬ 
erings, and a first aid clinic in charge of a trained nurse. The 
house is surrounded by a well-equipped playground for the chil¬ 
dren, and basketball and tennis courts for the grown-ups. The 
nurse is in charge of the health of the community. 

Another important organization in Lancaster County is the 
Parent-Teacher Association, which is represented in some form 
in practically all the schools of the county. This is the means by 
which the parents and teachers may come into personal contact 
with each other, each learn something of the other’s' problems, 
and so work together with sympathetic co-operation for the good 
of the children. 

In addition to these organizations, there are several others of a 
religious, business, or social nature in the several towns of the 

county. 


The Lesson of Progress 

We should try to learn the lesson of progress. When we view 
these advances which Lancaster County has made in recent years, 
what thoughts arise in our minds? In the first place, they should be 
the means of encouraging us to still greater efforts. Then, too, 
we should not overlook the fact that this progress has been made 
at the expense of much thought and toil. Someone has said that 
the word GROW is made up of the first letters of the command, 
GO RIGHT ON WORKING. This idea, at least, is a true one. 
And any further progress in Lancaster County must be the result 
of conscientious, unselfish toil on the part of her citizens. As we 
said in the beginning, there is a price to pay for progress, but the 
riches are worth the price. 


Table 

Lancaster County takes high rank in the following particulars: 


1st—in the average length of session, in days, of the 

white town schools. 180 

Richland tied with us for first place. Horry ranks 
last with 136 days. 

1st—in the number of Boys’ Clubs in 1920 . 100 

Barnwell is 34th with 10. Twelve counties not re¬ 
ported. 






96 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


4th—in pounds of butter produced per person in 1920.... 18.7 

Cherokee first with 23.6. Charleston last with 0.1. 

6th—in average number white pupils to teacher according 

to attendance . 25 

Jasper and Williamsburg first with 15. Greenville 
last with 31. 

7th—in bushels wheat produced in 1922. 52.000 

Greenville first with 108,000. Williamsburg 35th 
with 2,400. Nine counties not reported. 

8th—in assessed tax rate per $100 in 1920. $3.23 

Pickens first with $4.00. Beaufort last with $2,00. 

9th—in average number white pupils to teacher according 

to enrollment . 36 

Jasper, Beaufort, and Berkeley first, 23. Green¬ 
ville last with 53. 

9th—in the amount of State aid received for schools.$55,342.96 

Spartanburg first with $49,511.38. Jasper last with 
$3,180.00. 

10th—in percentage of population white. 54.3 

Pickens first with 83.6. Beaufort last with 21.6. 

10th—in value livestock products per person in 1922. $14.62 

Edgefield first with $22.06. Charleston last with 
$1.71. 

11th—in pounds poultry per person in 1922. 11.0 

Saluda first with 15.4. Charleston last with 2.6. 

13th—in percentage increase in banking resources, 1910— 

1920 .. 115 

Saluda first with 469. Berkeley last, decreased 75. 

15th—in number mills average tax rate, 1920. 38.75 

Dillon first with 49.25. Fairfield last with 28. 

15th—in per capita bank capital in 1919 . $7.00 

Richland first with $29.00. Berkeley last with $.65. 













Problems and Possibilities 


97 


X 

PROBLEMS AND POSSIBILITIES 

CARL W. McMURRAY 

Before setting out to sea the navigator provides himself with up- 
to-date charts on which are recorded all available information per¬ 
taining to navigation. If there were no charts, the hidden dangers 
of the sea would be an unsolved problem and ships would suffer 
wreck on rocks and reefs. But by the use of charts the mariner 
can navigate a ship through dangerous waters and bring it safely 
to the port of destination. 

The purpose of this survey is to furnish the people of Lancaster 
County with a chart by which the course may be set to avoid the 
reefs of disappointment and the rocks of failure, and a safe voyage 
made into the ports of progress and success. 

In the preceding chapters the economic and social conditions 
of the county have been set forth, portraying a true picture which 
represents both our triumphs and our failures. One chapter has 
been devoted to the erection of milestones of progress, and it is 
hoped that these milestones will inspire our people to go for¬ 
ward with greater confidence and determination to- accomplish 
larger tasks and to reach higher goals. 

The purpose of this final chapter is to cite some of the outstand¬ 
ing problems and to challenge our citizens to undertake, through 
diligent study and earnest endeavor, to solve these problems. To 
some this chapter may seem to be an undue revelation of the dark 
and gloomy side. Let us not take that attitude, but may we bear in 
mind the fact that in every problem there are possibilities of better 
things. The author’s chief purpose in discussing problems is to 
bring us face to face with facts. One reason why people do not 
climb higher is because they do not like to face their faults. The 
fact of failure hurts, but since it hurts, we ought to face the facts 
and apply the means of correction. 


Illiteracy 

The problem of illiteracy is one that confronts every county 
in the State. With the exception of Louisiana, South Carolina has 
more illiterates than any other State in the Union. According to 
the United States Census of 1920, 18.1 per cent of the total popula- 


7 



98 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


tion of South Carolina were illiterate. These figures are startling 
when we face the fact that eighteen out of every hundred cannot 
read -nor write. In 1910, 25.7 per cent of the people of South Car¬ 
olina were illiterate. It is encouraging to note the progress we 
have made since 1910. Between 1910 and 1920, illiteracy was re¬ 
duced by 7.6 per cent. No other State in the Union has made such 
a great reduction in her percentage of illiteracy. 

In Lancaster County we find the situation very little better than 
the average over the State. 17.8 per cent of our population, or 
5,085 people, are illiterate. In this regard, our rank is 17th among 
the counties of the State. 8.1 per cent of our native white people 
are illiterate. There are 35 counties that have less native white 
illiteracy than Lancaster County. Our native white illiteracy is 1.6 
per cent greater that the average for the State, which is 6.5 per 
cent. It is true that there are vastly more illiterates among the 
negroes than the whites, but our white illiteracy is something to 
be ashamed of. 

The best remedy for illiteracy is a better educational system. 
We should make our educational system such that it would be im¬ 
possible for a child to grow up illiterate. At the same time we 
should take steps to provide adult schools for those who can be 
induced to attend. The wiping out of illiteracy would be a great 
step forward and would contribute much to the progress of our 
county. 


The School 

Wrapped up in the boys and girls of our county there are untold 
possibilities for advancement in social and economic life. The 
future progress of any people may be measured by the same stand¬ 
ards as are used in the training of the youth. And since this is 
true the problem of education should have first place in the minds 
and hearts of our people. We have made some progress in the 
past, but our educational system still ranks -near the bottom of 
the list, to our disgrace. 

The problem of education is a difficult one, but it can be solved 
by the united endeavor of all forward-looking men and women. 
There are varied aspects of the problem calling for solution; we 
need greater financial support, better attendance, better teachers, 
and consolidation of the small schools. These four and all other fac¬ 
tors involved can surely be solved if the people will set them¬ 
selves resolutely to the task. The great restraining force to 
progress is a lack of vision and a lack of purpose. If our people 



Problems and Possibilities 


99 


could only catch a vision of the necessity for betterment and be¬ 
come infused with a determined purpose, our educational system 
would soon be placed at the top of the ladder. 

In 1921, the per capita expenditure according to white enroll¬ 
ment in Lancaster County was only $28.68, ranking 35th among 
the counties of the State in this respect. Our per capita invest¬ 
ment in school property is only $10.39, which gives us the rank 
of 19th among the counties of the State. These figures show that 
Lancaster County is not giving as much to education as are many 
of the other counties. Our ability in the mattter of financial sup¬ 
port far exceeds our efforts. The total expenditure for automo¬ 
biles in Lancaster County in 1920 was $945,558.00, while the total 
expenditure for operating the schools during the same year was 
only $73,715.78. From these figures we find that our expenditure 
for all school purposes was only 7.8 per cent of the amount we 
spent for automobiles. Does it seem wise to spend nearly thir¬ 
teen times as much for automobiles as we do for the education of 
our children? 

The problem of attendance is one that requires the co-operation 
of the parents and the school authorities. There is something 
wrong when less than 70 per cent of our white enrollment are 
in regular attendance. We have a compulsory attendance law 
and this law should be enforced, but the law only requires an at¬ 
tendance of four months out of the year. The parents of the 
children ought to feel the obligation to keep their children in 
school every day as long as the school is in session. 

In order to improve our teaching force, it will be necessary to 
raise the standard of the profession by paying better salaries. 
The problem of better teachers is largely a problem of better fi¬ 
nancial support. We do not pay our teachers enough to attract the 
ablest men and women into the profession, and then those who do 
take up teaching must work for a livelihood during the vacation 
and cannot attend the Summer Training Schools which are so neces¬ 
sary to efficiency in the profession. In 1921, Lancaster County 
ranked 39th in average salaries paid white women teachers which 
was $742.41. The average salary paid white men teachers was 
$1,098.12, ranking 29th among the counties of the State in this re¬ 
gard. From these figures we see that we are paying our teachers 
less than most of the other counties, and we expect the best 
teachers to go to other counties or leave the State. 

The matter of consolidation has been discussed more fully in 
the chapter on schools. Consolidation is the best solution of our 


100 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


rural school problem; it will certainly give better results from the 
same expenditure. A definite plan of consolidation throughout 
the county should be undertaken. As has been suggested in other 
counties, it would be an excellent thing for the County Superin¬ 
tendent of Education to make a survey of the county with the end 
in view of showing just where and how consolidation should be 
brought about. And then by a campaign of education persuade the 
people to take steps toward consolidation. The wisdom of consol¬ 
idation should be impressed on the minds of our people. They 
should know that through consolidation th$y will be afforded better 
teachers, better attendance, and better buildings and equipment. 
The Cleveland school house tragedy of May 17, 1923, will haunt 
the memory of the people of Kershaw County for decades to come 
—and it ought to burden the conscience of the people of Lancaster 
County until they have torn down every ramshackle school build¬ 
ing and provided adequate buildings and equipment through a 
well-planned program of consolidation. 


The Home 

Closely allied with the school in the matter of education, the 
home plays an important part. Through the co-operation of the 
home with the school, the problem of illiteracy and school attend¬ 
ance could be solved. The home is the child’s first school, and 
it is here that the ideals and principles of our future citizenship 
are determined. 

Every home should be a model school. It is hoped that every 
parent who reads this chapter will heed the appeal for good teachers 
in the home. All parents are teachers, and for the sake of their 
own children they ought to co-operate with the schools in blessing 
their children with the best education possible. And by ex¬ 
ample and endeavor they ought to be faithful in teaching their chil¬ 
dren the highest ideals of life. The highest hope of every true 
patriot is to see the day when the motto of the American home 
shall be: “To Educate and Christianize the Children.” The world 
is depending on the home to train up the youth to obey the law 
and to respect the sacredness of the home. The present crime 
wave which is evidenced by the disregard of property rights, 
wholesale murder and bootlegging, and the marriage vow losing 
its sacredness, ought to be sufficient argument to awake our people 
to the perils of the situation. Would it be unfair to blame our 
home standards for the present crime wave that is sweeping the 



Problems and Possibilities 


101 


country? Perhaps so. But we must admit that the American 

homes and the American schools are co-operating with other forces 
in living by a standard that is weakening character and checking 
progress—the fruits of such a standard are bound to be sorrow and 
regret. 

One of the great troubles with our schools is that they are losing 
sight of the most fundamental necessity of coupling character 

with education. We are so bent on training the youth how to 
make money, that we forget that character is essential to good cit¬ 
izenship. In order to counteract this tendency in our schools, the 

parents of our homes must elevate the standards of the home-life 
to such an extent that the character foundation of our boys and 
girls may be firm and unshakable. 


Poor Roads 

Transportation is one of the great problems of our people. The 
people of the world are making a desperate effort to reduce distance 
to a minimum by means of better methods of transportation. The 
importance of world transportation was evidenced some time ago 
when the people of the West were burning grain for lack of a 
market, while the people of Europe and Asia were starving for 
food. 

What is true of the needs of transportation on a world scale is 
also true of a community. Very often a farmer has produce that 
could be turned into cash, but on account of poor roads he is un¬ 
able to get it to market without great inconvenience and so his 
produce goes to waste. 

The progress of our county in all its different phases depends 
on better roads. Good roads will simplify school consolidation, 
bring communities into close touch with each other, and will also 
be a great economical advantage to the people of the county. As 
soon as the majority of the people get a vision of what better 
roads will mean, we are certain to have better roads. Let’s do 
our part in helping our fellow citizens to gain such a vision. 


County Health 

Our people have been far too negligent in the matter of improv¬ 
ing health standards. Too many boys and girls grow up without 
proper health attention. So often we see backward children, un¬ 
able to keep up with their grade in school. They are mistreated 




102 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


and ridiculed as block-heads, but are seldom given medical exam¬ 
ination to seek to determine the cause of their stupidity. Nine 
cases out of ten, backward children are suffering from some phys¬ 
ical ailment, which by diagnosis and simple treatment could be 
cured. 

It is a shame that we do not have a County Board of Health, 
with a competent physician and nurse at the head of the Board. 
The county should appropriate suitable funds to be used by the 
Board in establishing clinics for examination and treatment for 
hookworm; eye, ear, nose, and throat; malaria, tuberculosis, etc. 
These clinics could be moved from one section of the county to 
another, and remain in each place long enough to give attention 
to all who needed it. 

This matter'of health is the chief .problem of our county. Let’s 
make no delay, but get busy and improve our health standards. 
It will be a happy day for our county when we realize our duty, 
that every boy and girl is entitled to all the benefits of medical 
science. Before we can improve our citizenship, we must improve 
our health and educational standards. These two go hand in hand, 
and we should be praying for the day when the youth of our 
land, whether rich or poor, shall have the advantages of a sound 
body and a cultured mind. 

If the people are really serious in this matter of health, a study 
can be made of what other counties in other states are doing, and 
an adequate program worked out. What have the people to 
say? Shall we allow the small appropriation necessary to stand 
in our way? Shall we answer no to this most urgent need? 


A County Library 

Lancaster County ought to adopt some method whereby the 
people can have the advantage of good books and magazines. We 
should have a central library with sub-stations at convenient points 
about over the county. The books and magazines could be ro¬ 
tated from one station to another, thus giving the rural population 
an opportunity of reading good literature. This plan has been 
tried in New Jersey with considerable success. 

The reading of good literature raises the intellectual and moral 
standard of a people, and we should take steps to supply this 
long felt need. It has been estimated that only about five per 
cent of our total population read books and magazines. W^e 
should provide a method by which our people could have the 
advantages of the best reading material. 



Problems and Possibilities 


103 


It would be a forward step to establish a circulating library. 
A reading people is a thinking people, and if our community were 
filled with thinking people, it would contribute much toward 
elevation of our standards in every phase of life. 


An Ill-Balanced Farm System 

The coming of the Boll Weevil has done much to teach our 
people the folly of a one-crop system. In the past we have been 
slow to heed the call to diversify, but now we are face to face 
with a situation that can be solved in no other way. The sooner 
we fully realize, this, the better for us. 

In a county so rich in possibilities as ours, there is something 
wrong, when from year to year we go on without vastly increas¬ 
ing our county's wealth. We need money for schools, roads, 
churches and for our farms. But for some unnecessary cause, 
we are not increasing our wealth as rapidly as we should. Our 
opportunities are great, but on account of bad system we are not 
making use of our opportunities. Our farming system has been 
a great handicap to economic progress. 

From the latest Census report, we find that in one year we sent 
out of the county $3,182,224.58 for food and feed supplies that 
could have been easily grown on our own land and the money 
thus spent kept in our own county. In other words, we raised 
cotton and then spent 61 per cent of that cotton crop for food 
and feed supplies. Any sane man ought to know that such a 
system is bound to keep our county poor. These figures should 
be sufficient argument to teach us the evil of the one-crop system, 
but it is taking us a long time to learn the lesson. However, with 
the advent of the boll weevil, we must hasten to diversify to 
avoid impoverishment. 

The only way to insure the prosperity of Lancaster County under 
boll weevil conditions is to diversify. It would be a good thing 
if we had a law to forbid the importation of food and feed stuff 
that could be grown at home. 

The reader is requested to turn back and read again the chapter 
that tells of our deficit in food and feed production, and then as 
you journey about from day to day over the hills and valleys of 
our county, preach diversification as you go. It is not to be hoped 
that the problem will be solved overnight, but we must hasten 
on toward better things. 



104 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


Co-Operative Movements 

Coupled with diversification of crops, the farmers must co-oper¬ 
ate in the marketing of such crops. This is an age of co-operation 
and the farmers must work together to protect themselves. There 
are 14,000 farmers’ buying and selling organizations in the United 
States today, and it is encouraging to note that the farmers are 
at last waking up to the necessity of co-operation. The South Car¬ 
olina Cotton Marketing Association is a long step forward, and it 
is hoped that this movement will have continued support of the 
farmers aaid business men of our county. Let us not be deceived 
by the insidious propaganda that is so often used to attack any 
effort that the farmers make to protect themselves from exploita¬ 
tion of speculators and other selfish and greedy interests. 


Tenancy Evil 

In a preceding chapter the subject of farm tenancy has been 
discussed, and by a careful reading of that discussion we can 
readily see that it is a problem of large dimensions. From the 
United States Census of 1920 we find that 73 per cent of our 
farms are operated by tenants. There are only fifteen other coun¬ 
ties with a greater per cent of farm tenancy than ours. The situa¬ 
tion is one that should not exist, but the solution of the problem 
must be worked out gradually. We hope that a large per cent 
of our white tenant farmers are working with the intent that some 
day they will be able to operate their own farms. The young 
farmer should be cautious in buying land and not undertake it on 
too large a scale, but there is no reason why he should not attempt 
to buy a small farm and make it a paying proposition. After a man 
once gets settled on a small farm of his own, he can continue to 
buy more as it seems best. 

The solution of the problem is a hard one, but educational ad¬ 
vancement is one of the surest ways to better the condition. The 
problem is clearly outlined in the following extract from an article 
on “Farm Tenancy in South Carolina” by Dr. Wilson Gee: 

“To make every tenant farmer a land-owning farmer would not 
be desirable, even though it were practicable. There are many, 
particularly in the case of the negro, who thrive better as share- 
tenants and croppers under the close supervision of their landlord 
than they would were they their own bosses, and it is better for the 
economic well-being of the community that they remain so. 



Problems and Possibilities 


105 


/ 


“However, for the thrifty .young white man, there should be no 
barrier placed in his way to speedy ownership of his own farm and 
home. The sense of this ownership will breed in him qualities of 
self-respect that make him a stable element in the community, a 
great social factor in his neighborhood, a center of wealth produc¬ 
tion and retention, and one whose interests encompass the develop¬ 
ment of the neighborhood, community, county, state, and nation. 
A study of various aspects of farm tenancy in a typical up-country 
community, made a little more than a year ago shows that the 
young fellow who starts out working hard, living within his in¬ 
come and saving all he can, is the one who steps out of the tenant 
class into the owner group. There are no insuperable barriers to 
ownership as yet, except those of rank misfortune, in a State where 
50.2 per cent of our farm lands are lying idle. The principal ob¬ 
stacles lying in the way of ownership in South Carolina are a lack 
of ideals of ownership and a great deal of ignorance, indolence, and 
thriftlessness.” 


Idle Lands 

According to the 1920 Census, the land area of Lancaster County 
is 329,600 acres, ranking 34th in size among the counties of the 
State. There are 255,399 acres of land in farms; and 115,631 acres, 
or approximately 45 per cent, is improved farming land. We have 
106,653 acres, or 32.3 per cent of the total area in Lancaster County 
covered by woodland. 

There are in the county 3,724 farms with an average of 31.1 
acres per farm improved. Twenty-eight other counties of the 
State have a greater per cent of improved land per farm. 77.5 
per cent of the total area of the county is in farms and 73 per 
cent of this land is operated by tenants. We have 2,717 tenant 
farmers in Lancaster County; 987 of these are native white, and 
1,730 are negro. 

Lancaster County has 89,768 acres of idle land, ranking 20th 
among the counties of the State in this regard. If we allow 75 
acres to the average family of five, we have room for 1,197 new 
families, or for 5,985 more inhabitants in the county. Would not 
it be worth while to bring in some new settlers? It would cer¬ 
tainly increase our farm wealth, and would be a great benefit to 
our community to bring a thrifty type of citizenship to develop 
our idle lands. In this way our food and feed shortage could cer¬ 
tainly be reduced. 



106 


Lancaster County, Economic and Sociae 


With 89,768 acres of idle lands, would it not be a great help 
to our economic condition to aid our 987 white tenant farmers to 
obtain farms for themselves? 


Inadequate Taxation Methods 

Back of all problems of economic and social betterment lies the 
problem of taxation. We often hear the statement that Lancaster 
County is taxed to death. In a certain measure this is true, for 
the burden bears too heavily on some and does not reach others. 
What we need is not lower taxes, but a more equitable and scien¬ 
tific distribution of the burden. Taxation is a State problem and 
must be dealt with as such, but the people of Lancaster County 
ought to study and discuss it. We must be brought to a realiza¬ 
tion of the fact that our present tax system is inadequate to meet 
the needs of the County and State. The voters of this and every 
other county must send to the Legislature men who are competent 
and willing to provide us with a better method of taxation, and 
until this is done we will continue to be bound under a system 
that is burdensome and at the same time insufficient to meet the 
demands of progress in government, education and social improve¬ 
ment. 

The program for tax reform as outlined by the Joint Special 
Committee on Revenue and Taxation appointed by the General 
Assembly of 1920 would do much to remedy the present situation. 
This program follows with the years moved up to apply to the 
next few years: 

1. The adoption by the General Assembly of 1924 of a Joint 
Resolution submitting to the electors of the State amendments to 
the present Constitution which would remove the general property 
tax limitations. 

2. The inauguration and prosecution of a State-wide campaign 
of education and publicity to the end that the people of the State 
may be fully informed upon the subject of taxation and in position 
to pass intelligently upon the grave question before them. 

3. The adoption by the people at the general election of 1924 
of the - constitutional amendments proposed by this General As¬ 
sembly. 

4. The passage by the General Assembly of 1925 of an Act 
providing the necessary special machinery for revaluing the prop¬ 
erty of the State at full value and for making an accurate survey 
and inventory of all other taxable resources of the State. 



Problems and Possibilities 


107 


5. Upon the basis of the accurate data and statistics so pro¬ 
cured, the enactment by the General Assembly of 1926 of a.com¬ 
pulsory revenue act combining into one harmonious whole a re¬ 
modeled property tax, the income tax, the business tax, and the 
inheritance tax. 

6. Let the revision provide for a method by which the failure to 
correctly return property will become impossible. 

7. There are still other means of raising revenue which are 
proving successful in other states, and which, of course, will receive 
due consideration and study by our General Assembly before fi¬ 
nally devising our own tax system. 

The adoption of such a program as the above would go far 
toward lifting a part of the burden of taxation from the farmers 
of Lancaster County and of the State and placing it upon the 
property which is either very lightly taxed or escaping taxation 
entirely. Our representatives in the General Assembly should 
insist upon its adoption. 

During the last two sessions of the General Assembly much 
progress has been made in the direction of tax reform. New 
sources of revenue have been discovered in the income tax, the 
gasoline tax, the inheritance tax, and the corporations license tax 
enacted in 1922. The combined sales and luxury tax bill of 1923 
still further lessens the levy placed upon general property. The 
policy of the General Assembly in providing revenues for State 
purposes seems to be toward what is technically known as the 
plan of “separation.” This is discovering entirely different sources 
for State revenues, and leaving the general property tax for local 
county purposes. Such a plan is in operation in North Carolina, 
and quite satisfactorily, it would seem. 

However, if the escaping intangible property is ever going to be 
brought on the tax books, constitutional changes are going to have 
to be made that will permit a classification of property, in order 
that a different rate of levy may be placed upon each of these 
according to the principles of “benefit derived” and what “the 
traffic is able to bear.” 

There is an opportunity for constructive statesmanship in South 
Carolina along the lines of sound, sane, thoroughgoing tax reform. 
There are signs that an increasing number of our men in public 
life are becoming seriously and intelligently aware of this oppor¬ 
tunity and responsibility. 


108 


Lancaster County, Economic and Sociae 


Lancaster County Problems 

Rank 

17th—in percentage of total illiteracy (10 years and over) 17.8 
Pickens 1st with 10.7; Berkeley last with 38.4. 

State average 18.1. 

36th—in percentage of native white illiteracy (10 years 

and over) . 8.1 

State average 6.5. 

36th—in percentage of male white illiteracy over 21 years 

old. 10.6 

Charleston 1st with 1.7. State average 8.5. 

37th—in percentage of female white illiteracy over 21 

years old. 10.9 

Calhoun 1st with 1.7. State average 8.1. 

37th—in percentage of white schools that are one-teacher 

affairs .'. 23 

Georgetown 1st with 75.75; Dillon last with 4. 

27th—in average length of session in days in white country^ 

schools. 128 

Charleston 1st with 180; Cherokee last with 96. 

35th—in per capita expenditure for whites according to en¬ 
rollment . $28.68 

Charleston 1st with $67.29; Kershaw last with $22.62. 

State average $39.26. 

35th—in per capita expenditure for whites according to av¬ 
erage attendance . $41.06 

Charleston 1st with $100.47; Kershaw last with 
$33.46. State average $56.00. 

8th—in per capita expenditure for both races according to 

average attendance . $23.07 

Charleston 1st with $59.14; Berkeley last with $13.52. 

30th—in number of homicides in 1920 according to per 

capita ratio . 5 

Clarendon 1st with none; Abbeville last with 11. 

Total number for State 259. 

20th—in number of deaths according to population, 1921.. 319 

Saluda 1st with 150; Anderson last with 852. 

25th—in savings deposits per capita . $11.00 

Charleston 1st with $115.00. 












Problems and Possibilities 109 

26th—in percentage increase in farm wealth, 1910-1920 .. 118.7 

Georgetown 1st with 244.5. State average 143. 

29th—in number of farms, 1920 . 3,724 

Anderson 1st with 8,910; Jasper last with 1,284. 

34th—in percentage of farm land improved . 45.3 

Barnwell 1st with 68.4; Georgetown last with 16.9. 

28th—in average improved acreage per farm... 31 

Allendale 1st with 55; Georgetown last with 21. 

29th—in percentage of mortgaged farms . 6.2 

Oconee 1st with 14.7; Marlboro last with 2.6. 

30th—in percentage of farm tenancy .. 73 

Beaufort 1st with 14.9; Marlboro last with 85.6. 

35th—in per capita corn production, 1920 (bushels). 15.3 

Calhoun 1st with 31.8; Charleston last with 4.2. 

State average 16.3. 

33d — in beef production per person (pounds). 52.3 

Horry 1st with 183.3; York last with 22. 

34th—in cotton production per acre (pounds) . 213 

Marlboro 1st with 336; Beaufort last with 96. 

44th—in value of crops per acre, 1920 . $27.00 

Beaufort 1st with $72.00. 

31st—in value of non-food crops, 1920 .$5,187,657 

Orangeburg 1st with $18,216,362; Jasper last with 
$471,371. 

20th—in number of acres of idle land. 89,768 . 

Horry 1st with 284,738; Allendale last with 3,833. 

24th—in hay and forage production (tons) .. 7,423 

Orangeburg 1st with 19,775; Jasper last with 1,835. 














110 Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


List of Bulletins Issued by the University 


No. 


Date 

Title 

1. 


April, 

1905—Information for Accredited Schools 

2. 


July, 

1905—Catalog 1904-05 

*3. 


October, 

1905—Law Lectures 

4. 


March, 

1905—Why go to South Carolina College? 

4. 


January, 

1906—Museums 

*5. 


April, 

1906—Catalog 1905-06 

6. 


June, 

1906—Announcement 1906-07 

7. 


October, 

1906—Library 

8. 

Part 

I—January, 

1907—Report on Secondary Schools 

8. 

Part 

II 

—War Records 

9. 


April, 

1907—Catalog 1906-07 

10. 


July, 

1907—Summer Bulletin 

11. 


October, 

1907—High School Manual 

12. 


January, 

1908—War Records 

13. 

Part 

I—March, 

1908—Catalog 1907-08 

13. 

Part 

II 

—High School Monograph 

14. 

Part 

I—July, 

1908—Summer Bulletin 

14. 

Part 

II 

—School of Law 

*14. 

Part III 

—High School Report 1907-08 

15. 


October, 

1908—Alumni Addresses 

16. 

Part 

I—January, 

1909—Our Schools 

16. 

Part 

II 

—Requirements for Admission 

17. 


June, 

1909—Catalog 1908-09 

18. 


July, 

1909—School of Law 

19. 


October, 

1909—Report of High School Inspector 
1908-09 

20. 


January, 

1910—Good Roads 

21. 

Part 

I—April, 

1910—Catalog 1909-10 

21. 

Part 

II 

—Founders’ Day 1910 

*22. 

Part 

I—July, 

1910—-High School Report 1909-10 

22. 

Part 

II 

—School of Law 

23. 

Part 

I—October, 

1910—The Graduate School 

23. 

Part 

II 

—“Opportunity and Duty” 

24. 

Part 

I—January, 

1911—Report of High School Inspector 
1909-10 

24. 

Part 

II 

—A Statement of Rural School 


Problems 

24. Part III —Some Educational and Legislative 

Needs of South Carolina Mill 
Villages 


List of Buixetins Issued by the University 


111 


No. Date 

*25. Part I—April. 

25. Part II 

26. July, 

• 27. October, 

*28. Part I—January, 

28. Part II 
*28. Part IIT 
*28. Part IV 
28. Part V 

*28. Part VI 


29. Part I—April, 

29. Part II 

30. Part I—July, 

*30. Part II 

31. October, 

32. Part I—January, 
32. Part II 

*32. PartHI 

32. Part IV 
*32. Part V 

33. Part I—April, 

33. Part II 

34. Part I—July, 

*34. Part II 

34. Partlll 

35. Part I—October, 
*35. Part II 

36. Part I—January, 

*36. Part II 

36. Partlll 

37. Part I—April, 

37. Part II 


Title 

1911—Catalog 1910-11 

—How the Sunday School Can Assist 
in Village Welfare Work 

1911—Founders’ Day 1911 

1911— Participle and Infinitive in -ing 

1912— Extension Lectures 

—Lectures on Agriculture 
—State and County Athletics 
—Good Roads 

—Report of High School Inspector 

1910- 11 

—Suggested Solutions for some Rural 
School Problems in South Caro¬ 
lina 

1912—Catalog 1911-12 

—Teachers’ Scholarships 

1912—Announcement 1912-13 
—Founders’ Day 1912 

1912— The University and the State 

1913— The School of Law 

—College Education for Men of 
Business 

—Report of High School Inspector 

1911- 12 

—Special Supervision of County 
Schools in South Carolina 
—State and County Athletics for 
High Schools 

1913—Catalog 1912-13 
—Student Self-Help 

1913—The Graduate Engineer 
—Teachers’ Scholarships 
—The Ideal of the State University 

1913— Founders’ Day 1913 

—The School as a Social Center 

1914— Report of High School Inspector 

1912- 13 

—Country School Movements and 
Ideals in South Carolina 
—Athletics for High Schools 

1914—Public Libraries 

—Dr. Edward Southey Joynes 


112 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 


No. 

Date 

Title 

*37. 

Part III 

—State Summer School for High 
School Teachers 

37. 

Part IV 

—Catalog 1913-14 

37. 

Part V 

—Teachers’ Scholarships 

38. 

Part I—July, 

1914—Founders’ Day 

38. 

Part II 

—Alumni Record 

*38. 

Part III 

—Simpler English Grammar 

*38. 

Part IV 

—Labor Organizations in South 

Carolina, 1742-1861 

38. 

Part V 

—Alumni Record 

39. 

October, 

1914—Torrens System of Land Registra¬ 
tion 

40. 

Part I—January, 

1915—Report of High School Inspector 
1913-14 

40. 

Part II 

—Athletics for High Schools 

*41. 

Part I—April, 

1915—State Summer School for High 
School Teachers 

41. 

Part II 

— The School Library 

41. 

Part III 

—Catalog 1914-15 

*41. 

Part IV 

—Henry Timrod 

*41. 

Part V 

— Teachers’ Scholarships 

42. 

Part I — July, 

1915 — Founders’ Day 

*42. 

Part II 

— Three Notable Ante-Bellum Maga¬ 
zines of South Carolina 

43. 

Part I — October, 

1915 — General Extension 

43. 

Part II 

— Some Suggestions for Moral Bet¬ 
terment 

43. 

Part III 

—University Research 

43. 

Part IV 

— German Word Formation 

43. 

Part V 

— The Case for Cotton 

44. 

Part I — January, 

1916—Report of High School Inspector 
1914-15 

44. 

Part II 

—Athletics for High Schools 

44. 

Part III 

—Notes of Lectures on the Parts of 
Speech in English, and the Study 
of English 

45. 

Part I—April, 

1916—State Summer School for High 
School Teachers 

45. 

Part II 

—Old Letters of a Student in Ger¬ 
many 

*45. 

Part III 

—Catalog 1915-16 

46. 

May, 

1916—Teachers’ Scholarships 


List of Bulletins Issued by the University 


113 


No. 

47. 

*48. 

49. 

50. 

51. 

*52. 

53. 

54. 

55. 

56. 

57. 

58. 

59. 

60. 
61. 

62. 

*63. 

*64. 

65. 


66 . 

67. 

68 . 

69. 

70. 

71. 

72. 

73. 

74. 

75. 
*77. 


Date Title 

August, 1916—Decrease of Birds in South Carolina 

September, 1916—Notes on the Teaching of Eng¬ 
lish Grammar 

October, 1916—Alumni Loan Fund 
November, 1916—Old Letters from Germany 
December, 1916—Report of High School Inspector 

1915- 16 

January, 1917—Christian Work at University of 

South Carolina 

February, 1917—Athletics for High Schools 
March, 1917—State Summer School for High 

School Teachers 

April, 1917—Catalog 1916-17 

May, 1917—Teachers’ Scholarships 

June, 1917—Participle and Infinitive in -ing 

July, 1917—Jonathan Maxcy, D.D. 

August, 1917—The University and the World War 

September, 1917—Effective Debating 
October, 1917—The Status of the Teaching Pro¬ 

fession 

November, 1917—Founders’ Day 1917 

December, 1917—Report of High School Inspector 

1916- 17 

January, 1918—jAthletics for liigh Schools 
February, 1918—South Carolina High School De¬ 
bating League 

(Literacy Test for Immigrants) 
March, 1918—School Surveys 
—Catalog 1917-18 

May, 1918—Co-operative Engineering 
June, 1918—Teachers’ Scholarships 
July, 1918—Women at University of South 

Carolina 

August, 1918—Service Flag Day 
September, 1918—Botanists of South Carolina 
October, 1918—Track and Field Athletics 
November, 1918—South Carolina High School De¬ 
bating League 

December, 1918—Report of High School Inspector 

1917- 18 

February, 1919—Robert Mills, Architect 


* No copies available for distribution. 


8 


Lancaster County, Economic and Social 




114 

No. 

78. 

79. 

80. 


81. 

82. 

83. 

84. 

85. 

86 . 

87. 

88 . 

89. 

90. 

91. 

92. 

93. 


94. 

95. 


96. 


97. 

98. 

99. 
100 . 
101 . 
102 . 

103. 

104. 

105. 

106. 

107. 

108. 
110 . 


Date 


Title 


March, 1919—Teachers’ Scholarships 1919-20 

April, 1919—Catalog 1918-19 

May, 1919—A School Program for South Caro¬ 

lina 

December, 1919—South Carolina High School De¬ 
bating League 

January, 1920—Great Prose Passages 

February, 1920—Debating for High Schools 

March, 1920—Report of High School Inspector 

1918-19 


April, 1920—Catalog 1919-20 
May, 1920—School of Commerce 1920-21 
June, 1920—Summer School for High School 
Teachers 

July, 1920—Teachers’ Scholarships 1920-21 
August, 1920—Farm Tenure in South Carolina 

September, 1920—Teaching of Latin Vocabulary 
October, 1920—Louisa C. McCord 
November, 1920—Track and Field Athletics 
December, 1920—South Carolina High School De¬ 
bating League 
(League of Nations) 

January, 1921—Poetry in the High School 

February, 1921—-Report of High School Inspector 
1919-20 


March, 1921—Summer School for High School 

Teachers 


April, 1921—Catalog 1920-21 

May, 1921—Teachers’ Scholarships 1921-22 

June, 1921—The Rural Sunday School 

July, 1921—School of Law 1921-22 

August, 1921—Tax Reform in South Caiulina 

September, 1921—Greenville County 
October, 1921—Florence County 

February, 1922—South Carolina High School De¬ 
bating League (Tax Reform) 

March, 1922—Track and Field Athletics 

April, 1922—Catalog 1921-22 

May, 1922—Summer School for High School 

Teachers 

June, 1922—Teachers’ Scholarships 

June, 1922—Dillon County 


List of Bulletins Issued by the University 


115 


No. 

Date 

Title 

111. 

July, 

1922—Chesterfield County 

112. 

August, 

1922—Sumter County 

113. 

September, 1922—Swiss-German Element in South 
Carolina 

114. 

November, 1922—American Education Week 

115. 

December, 

1922—The University of South Carolina 

116. 

January, 

1923—Certification of Teachers 

117. 

February, 

1923—South Carolina High School De¬ 
bating League 
(High School Athletics) 

118. 

March, 

1923—Summer School 

119. 

April 1, 

1923—Catalog 1922-23 

120. 

April 15, 

1923—Kershaw County 

121. 

May 1, 

1923—Teachers’ Scholarships 

122. 

May 15, 

1923—Lexington County 

123. 

June 1. 

1923—School of Law, Announcement 
1923-24 

124. 

June 15, 

1923—Orangeburg County 

126. 

July 15, 

1923—Anderson County 

128. 

August 15, 

1923—Union County 

130. 

September 15, 1923—Marion County 

131. 

November 1, 1923—Dr. James H. Carlisle—A Great 


Teacher 

* No copies available for distribution. 





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